Figure 1
Effects of metformin (250 mg/kg) treatment on TMAO plasma concentrations and relative bacteria composition in db/db mice. Panel A, effects of 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with metformin in mice fed a standard laboratory diet; Panel B, effects of 4 weeks of metformin treatment in mice supplemented with choline. Panel C, effects of 4 weeks of metformin treatment in mice supplemented with choline on relative presence of P. mirabilis in gut microbiota. The results are the mean of 8 animals ± SEM in the db/db and db/db + metformin groups and 10 animals in the db/Lean group for panel A. The results are the mean of 10 animals ± SEM for panel B. The results are mean of 9–10 animals for panel C, one sample was excluded in choline group and one in choline + metformin group after identified as outliers by ROUT analysis. * Significantly different from the respective db/db control group, # significantly different from the respective db/Lean group, $ significantly different from the respective db/db + choline 4w group (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test; P < 0.05).
