Table 1 Difference on distribution of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in study subjects by gender and psychological status.

From: Factors associated with psychological stress and distress among Korean adults: the results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Variables	Male										Female
	Total		No symptom		Psychological stress		P-value^a	Psychological distress		P-value^b	Total		No symptom		Psychological stress		P-value^a	Psychological distress		P-value^b
	n = 14,879	%	n = 10,089	%	n = 2,379	%	P-value^a	n = 2,411	%	P-value^b	n = 20,226	%	n = 11,628	%	n = 2,880	%	P-value^a	n = 5,718	%	P-value^b
Age (years)							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							< 0.0001			< 0.0001
19–29	1,840	12.9	1,264	12.5	346	14.5		230	9.5		2,526	11.4	1,312	11.3	548	19.0		666	11.6
30–39	2,800	19.6	1,709	16.9	730	30.7		361	15.0		3,984	18.8	2,409	20.7	731	25.4		844	14.8
40–49	2,852	19.7	1,849	18.3	608	25.6		395	16.4		3,708	18.3	2,305	19.8	526	18.3		877	15.3
≥ 50	7,387	47.8	5,267	52.2	695	29.2		1,425	59.1		10,008	51.5	5,602	48.2	1,075	37.3		3,331	58.3
Region							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							0.1303			< 0.0001
Metropolitan city	6,585	45.0	4,478	44.4	1,133	47.6		974	40.4		9,091	44.8	5,320	45.8	1,316	45.7		2,455	42.9
Urban	5,017	33.8	3,346	33.2	870	36.6		801	33.2		6,839	33.6	3,924	33.7	1,016	35.3		1,899	33.2
Rural	3,277	21.2	2,265	22.5	376	15.8		636	26.4		4,296	21.6	2,384	20.5	548	19.0		1,364	23.9
Education level							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							< 0.0001			< 0.0001
Middle school or less	4,619	28.5	3,128	31.1	416	17.5		1,075	44.8		8,836	45.6	4,728	40.7	938	32.6		3,170	55.6
High school	5,376	37.0	3,730	37.1	873	36.8		773	32.2		6,466	31.7	3,943	34.0	975	33.9		1,548	27.1
College or more	4,843	34.5	3,208	31.9	1,085	45.7		550	22.9		4,885	22.7	2,939	25.3	961	33.4		985	17.3
Household income (Quartile)							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							0.1544			< 0.0001
Lowest	2,721	16.6	1,782	18.0	252	10.8		687	29.1		4,330	22.4	2,078	18.2	512	18.1		1,740	31.1
Second	3,716	25.0	2,523	25.4	548	23.4		645	27.3		5,035	25.2	2,833	24.8	748	26.5		1,454	26.0
Third	4,063	28.8	2,805	28.2	731	31.2		527	22.3		5,228	26.4	3,191	27.9	738	26.1		1,299	23.2
Highest	4,129	29.6	2,816	28.4	813	34.7		500	21.2		5,260	26.0	3,332	29.1	828	29.3		1,100	19.7
Marital status							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							< .0001			< 0.0001
Single	2,411	15.9	1,600	15.9	423	17.9		388	16.1		2,369	10.8	1,235	10.6	498	17.3		636	11.2
Married	11,640	79.4	7,984	79.4	1,878	79.3		1,778	74.0		13,820	68.3	8,324	71.8	2,012	70.0		3,484	61.1
Bereaved/divorced/separated	774	4.7	468	4.7	68	2.9		238	9.9		3,985	20.9	2,038	17.6	366	12.7		1,581	27.7
Living alone without family members							0.0031			< 0.0001							0.0014			< 0.0001
Yes	633	3.6	390	3.9	62	2.6		181	7.5		1795	9.4	897	7.7	172	6.0		726	12.7
No	14,241	96.4	9,697	96.1	2,316	97.4		2,228	92.5		18,431	90.6	10,731	92.3	2,708	94.0		4,992	87.3
Employment status							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							0.105			< 0.0001
Employed	12,834	88.8	8,829	87.9	2,189	92.4		1,816	76.0		12,723	62.7	7,588	65.7	1,925	67.3		3,210	56.7
Unemployed	1967	11.2	1,214	12.1	181	7.6		572	24.0		7,361	37.3	3,969	34.3	937	32.7		2,455	43.3
PBI							< 0.0001			< 0.0001										< 0.0001
Slim	3,265	20.9	2,100	20.8	503	21.2		662	27.5		2,984	14.7	1,504	12.9	428	14.9	< .0001	1,052	18.4
Normal	6,160	41.9	4,413	43.7	810	34.1		937	38.9		8,148	40.8	4,956	42.6	1,077	37.4		2,115	37.0
Fat	5,450	37.2	3,574	35.4	1,065	44.8		811	33.7		9,093	44.5	5,167	44.4	1,375	47.7		2,551	44.6
BMI							0.0001			0.0002							< .0001			< 0.0001
Low weight	487	3.0	317	3.2	59	2.5		111	4.6		1,109	5.3	581	5.1	211	7.4		317	5.6
Normal	9,136	61.5	6,238	62.2	1,381	58.4		1,517	63.4		12,955	64.9	7,548	66.0	1,862	65.4		3,545	62.7
Obesity	5,166	35.5	3,476	34.6	926	39.1		764	31.9		5,878	29.8	3,307	28.9	776	27.2		1,795	31.7
Sleep duration							0.0001			< 0.0001							< .0001
Short	2,019	12.3	1,214	12.0	325	13.7		480	19.9		3,601	17.6	1,679	14.4	551	19.1		1,371	24.0	< 0.0001
Optimal	11,747	80.7	8,131	80.6	1,931	81.2		1,685	69.9		14,895	73.7	8,982	77.2	2,117	73.5		3,796	66.4
Long	1,113	7.0	744	7.4	123	5.2		246	10.2		1,730	8.8	967	8.3	212	7.4		551	9.6
Smoking status							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							< 0.0001			< 0.0001
Never	3,217	22.2	2,295	22.8	476	20.0		446	18.5		18,303	90.7	10,807	93.0	2,571	89.3		4,925	86.2
Former	5,393	36.6	3,872	38.4	689	29.0		832	34.5		799	3.9	373	3.2	130	4.5		296	5.2
Current	6,262	41.2	3,918	38.8	1,212	51.0		1,132	47.0		1,114	5.4	444	3.8	177	6.2		493	8.6
Alcohol consumption							< 0.0001			0.0126							< 0.0001			< 0.0001
0 g	2,523	16.4	1,796	17.8	243	10.2		484	20.1		7,760	39.5	4,450	38.3	917	31.8		2,393	41.9
0–24 g	2,277	15.3	1,616	16.0	288	12.1		373	15.5		6,868	33.9	4,168	35.8	998	34.7		1,702	29.8
24–72 g	4,915	33.5	3,389	33.6	782	32.9		744	30.9		4,354	20.9	2,459	21.2	724	25.1		1,171	20.5
> 72 g	5,155	34.9	3,283	32.6	1,064	44.8		808	33.5		1,237	5.7	546	4.7	241	8.4		450	7.9
Physical activity							0.2722			0.0022										0.0015
Inactive	11,208	74.9	7,533	74.7	1,802	75.8		1,873	77.7		16,217	80.3	9,412	81.0	2,295	79.7	0.1350	4,510	78.9
Active	3,660	25.1	2,548	25.3	575	24.2		537	22.3		3,999	19.7	2,212	19.0	583	20.3		1,204	21.1
Calorie intake							0.3373			0.0152							0.0024			< 0.0001
Low	2,065	16.3	1,381	16.2	309	16.9		375	18.8		4,918	26.4	2,618	24.3	710	27.3		1,590	30.6
Normal	1,896	15.5	1,342	15.7	264	14.4		290	14.5		3,338	18.2	2,002	18.6	435	16.8		901	17.3
Excess	8,385	68.1	5,798	68.0	1,254	68.6		1,333	66.7		10,301	55.4	6,142	57.1	1,452	55.9		2,707	52.1
Menstruation																	< 0.0001			< 0.0001
Yes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9,256	46.0	5,485	49.1	1,631	59.8		2,140	39.5
No	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–		10,048	54.0	5,675	50.9	1,098	40.2		3,275	60.5
Chronic illness							< 0.0001			< 0.0001							0.0003			< 0.0001
Yes	6,509	42.1	4,402	43.6	845	35.5		1,262	52.3		9,627	48.7	5,212	44.8	1,184	41.1		3,231	56.5
No	8,370	57.9	5,687	56.4	1,534	64.5		1,149	47.7		10,599	51.3	6,416	55.2	1,696	58.9		2,487	43.5

^aChi-square test for no symptom vs. psychological stress alone.
^bChi-square test for no symptom vs. psychological distress.

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Table 1 Difference on distribution of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in study subjects by gender and psychological status.

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