Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the patients, tumors, and initial treatment options.
From: Development of machine learning-based clinical decision support system for hepatocellular carcinoma
Characteristics | All patients (N = 1,021) | Derivation set (N = 813) | Validation set (N = 208) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 56.9 ± 10.5 | 56.9 ± 10.4 | 57.0 ± 10.8 | |
Gender | Male | 835 (81.8) | 658 (80.9) | 177 (85.1) |
Female | 186 (18.2) | 155 (19.1) | 31 (14.9) | |
ECOG performance status | 0 | 767 (75.1) | 615 (75.6) | 152 (73.1) |
1 or 2 | 224 (20.9) | 164 (20.2) | 50 (24.0) | |
3 or 4 | 40 (3.9) | 34 (4.2) | 6 (2.9) | |
Aetiology of liver disease | HBV | 786 (77.0) | 631 (77.6) | 155 (74.5) |
HCV | 71 (7.0) | 49 (6.0) | 22 (10.6) | |
Others | 164 (16.0) | 133 (15.4) | 31 (14.9) | |
Heavy alcohol consumption | Yes | 168 (16.5) | 130 (16.0) | 38 (18.3) |
Ascites | Present | 173 (17.0) | 143 (17.6) | 30 (14.4) |
Varices | Present | 312 (30.6) | 252 (30.9) | 60 (28.8) |
Child–Pugh class | A | 779 (76.3) | 620 (76.3) | 159 (76.4) |
B | 205 (20.1) | 163 (20.1) | 42 (20.2) | |
C | 37 (3.6) | 30 (3.6) | 7 (3.4) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 (22.1–26.0) | 24.0 (22.1–26.0) | 24.0 (22.1–25.8) | |
Tumour number | 1 | 595 (58.3) | 471 (57.9) | 124 (59.6) |
2–3 | 217 (21.2) | 178 (22.9) | 39 (18.7) | |
≥ 4 | 209 (20.5) | 164 (20.2) | 45 (21.6) | |
Maximal tumour size, cm | 4.0 (2.3–8.5) | 4.0 (2.3–8.6) | 4.0 (2.5–7.6) | |
Distribution | Single segmental | 475 (46.5) | 378 (46.5) | 98 (47.1) |
Unilobar | 245 (24.0) | 196 (24.1) | 49 (23.6) | |
Bilobar | 300 (29.4) | 239 (29.4) | 61 (29.3) | |
Distant metastasis | Present | 125 (12.2) | 99 (12.2) | 26 (12.6) |
Vascular invasion | Unilateral | 150 (14.7) | 115 (14.1) | 35 (16.8) |
Main or bilateral | 83 (8.1) | 65 (8.0) | 18 (8.7) | |
RFA feasibility† | Feasible† | 226 (22.1) | 183 (22.5) | 43 (20.7) |
BCLC stage | 0 | 134 (13.1) | 102 (12.5) | 32 (15.4) |
A | 265 (26.0) | 218 (26.8) | 47 (22.6) | |
B | 184 (18.0) | 152 (18.7) | 32 (15.4) | |
C | 374 (36.6) | 287 (35.3) | 87 (41.8) | |
D | 64 (6.3) | 54 (6.6) | 10 (4.8) | |
Laboratory findings | AFP, ng/mL | 42.1 (6.7–838.2) | 41.9 (7.0–827.3) | 42.4 (6.9–636.1) |
Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (12.2–14.6) | 13.5 (12.2–14.7) | 13.5 (12.2–14.5) | |
Platelet count, × 109/mm3 | 143 (97–197) | 145 (97–197) | 138 (98–199) | |
ALT, U/L | 37 (25–53) | 37 (25–53) | 39 (25–59) | |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) | |
Albumin, mg/dL | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.7 (3.2–4.0) | |
Prothrombin time, INR | 1.07 (1.01–1.17) | 1.07 (1.01–1.17) | 1.07 (1.01–1.18) | |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | |
Initial treatment | Transplantation | 46 (4.5) | 36 (4.4) | 10 (4.8) |
Resection | 336 (32.9) | 268 (33.0) | 68 (32.7) | |
RFA or PEIT | 77 (7.5) | 61 (7.5) | 16 (7.7) | |
TACE | 322 (31.5) | 254 (31.2) | 68 (32.7) | |
TACE combined with EBRT | 67 (6.6) | 53 (6.5) | 14 (6.7) | |
Sorafenib treatment | 31 (3.0) | 24 (3.0) | 7 (3.4) | |
Supportive care | 103 (10.1) | 86 (10.6) | 17 (8.2) | |
Other therapies | 39 (3.8) | 31 (3.8) | 8 (3.8) | |
