Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the training seta.

From: Blood biomarkers indicate that the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease present overlapping molecular features

TRAINING SET

1: CN

2: SMD

3: MCI

4: AD

p value 1–2; 1–3; 1–4

p value 2–3; 2–4; 3–4

Anthropometric data

No

28

20

21

21

–

–

Age (mean ± SD; y)

63.5 ± 5.3

65.1 ± 7.7

68.2 ± 7.1

79.1 ± 6.4

0.39; 0.01; < 0.001

0.18; < 0.001; < 0.001

Sex (F; %/M; %)

14; 50.0/14; 50.0

14; 70.0/6; 30.0

16; 76.2/5; 23.8

15; 71.4/6; 28.6

0.63; 0.48; 0.48

0.8; > 0.99; > 0.99

Education level (mean ± SD; y)

13.1 ± 3.0

11.9 ± 3.6

9.5 ± 5.3

9.4 ± 6.1

0.21; 0.004; 0.007

0.12; 0.11; 0.6

BMI (mean ± SD; kg/m2)

28.3 ± 3.9

26.9 ± 5.1

27.7 ± 3.0

23.1 ± 4.1

0.28; 0.56; < 0.001

0.5; 0.01; < 0.001

MMSE (mean ± SD; score)

29.0 ± 1.8

29.2 ± 1.7

25.5 ± 3.7

15.2 ± 6.8

0.69; < 0.001; < 0.001

 < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001

Familial AD (n; %)

3; 10.7

3; 15.0

2; 9.5

2; 9.5

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Familial Dementia (n; %)

2; 7.1

4; 20.0

6; 28.6

5; 23.8

0,38; 0.13; 0.2

0.73; > 0.99; 0.8

Familial Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %)

2; 7.1

4; 20.0

3; 14.3

5; 23.8

0.38; 0.53; 0.2

0.7; > 0.99; 0.7

Smokeb (n; %)

11; 39.3

8; 40.0

8; 38.1

4; 19.0

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.36

 > 0.99; 0.4; 0.39

Dyslipidemia (n; %)

10; 35.7

7; 35.0

7; 33.3

5; 23.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.5

 > 0.99; 0.5; 0.52

Diabetes (n; %)

6; 21.4

3; 15.0

3; 14.3

2; 9.5

0.72; 0.72; 0.45

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Hypertension (n; %)

10; 35.7

10; 50.0

10; 47.6

5; 23.8

0.59; 0.57; 0.56

 > 0.99; 0.36; 0.36

Arrhythmia (n; %)

4; 14.3

5; 20.0

2; 9.5

0; 0.0

0.48; > 0.99; 0.14

0.41; 0.053; 0.48

AED (n; %)

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

1; 4.8

4; 19.0

 > 0.99; 0.44; 0.04

 > 0.99; 0.11; 0.35

Myocardial Infarction (n; %)

1; 3.6

1; 5.0

2; 9.5

1; 4.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Heart Failurec (n; %)

2; 7.1

1; 5.0

2; 9.5

1; 4.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

TIA/Stroke (n; %)

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

2; 9.5

1; 4.8

 > 0.99; 0.44; 0.19

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Chronic Kidney Diseased (n; %)

0; 0.0

1; 5.0

0; 0.0

1; 4.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Prior Tumors (n; %)

4; 14.3

3; 15.0

2; 9.5

3; 14.3

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %)

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

1; 4.8

0; 0.0

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Alcool > 4 unit/day (n; %)

1; 3.6

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Carotid Atheroma or Aneurysms (n; %)

3; 10.7

2; 10.0

2; 9.5

4; 19.0

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Venous Insufficiency (n; %)

3; 10.7

3; 15.0

1; 4.8

3; 14.3

 > 0.99; 0.63; > 0.99

0.6; > 0.99; 0.6

Asthma, COPD, O2 Therapy (n; %)

0; 0.0

2; 10.0

1; 4.8

2; 9.5

0.18; 0.44; 0.19

 > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99

Dysthyroidism (n; %)

9; 32.1

5; 25.0

3; 14.3

1; 4.8

0.76; 0.33; 0.07

0.7; 0.19; 0.60

Cirrhosis, Steatosis, Biliary Lithiasis (n; %)

3; 10.7

3; 15.0

1; 4.8

2; 9.5

 > 0.99; 0.63; > 0.99

0.6; > 0.99 > 0.99

Previous Surgery (n; %)

10; 35.7

10; 50.0

4; 19.0

3; 14.3

0.59; 0.37; 0.33

0.21; 0.11; > 0.99

Pharmacological Treatment

Antihypertensive (n; %)

10; 35.7

9; 45.0

10; 47.6

5; 23.8

0.78; 0.60; 0.56

 > 0.99; 0.36; 0.37

Lipid-lowering (n; %)

6; 21.4

5; 25.0

6; 28.6

2; 9.5

 > 0.99; 0.75; 0.45

 > 0.99; 0.41; 0.36

Hypoglycemic (n; %)

3; 10.7

2; 10.0

2; 9.5

1; 4.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.63

 > 0.99; 0.5; 0.5

Antiplatelet (n; %)

4; 15.7

3; 15.0

2; 9.5

5; 23.8

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.71

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.42

Thyroid Hormones (n; %)

6; 21.4

4; 20.0

2; 9.5

1; 4.8

0.99; 0.45; 0.22

0.66; 0.34; > 0.99

Antianxiety (n; %)

2; 7.1

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

4; 19.0

0.78; 0.75; 0.39

 > 0.99; 0.17; 0.17

Antidepressant (n; %)

2; 7.1

2; 7.1

2; 9.5

7; 33.3

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.07

0.97; 0.26; 0.3

Neurotrophic (n; %)

1; 3.6

1; 5.0

1; 4.8

4; 19.0

 > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.17

 > 0.99; 0.3; 0.3

I-AChE (n; %)

0; 0.0

0; 0.0

1; 4.8

2; 9.5

 > 0.99; 0.44; 0.19

0.4; 0.7; > 0.99

  1. Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
  2. aCN, cognitively normal; SMD, subjective memory decline; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BMI, Body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; AED, antiepileptic drugs; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; I-AChE, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
  3. bCurrent or former smokers.
  4. cSubjects in NYHA (New York Heart Association) classes I–II.
  5. dSubjects with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 30 ml/min/1.73 m2.
Back to article page