Table 2 Results of uni- and multivariable logistic regression models of factors associated with vitamin D deficiency (< 30 nmol/L) or deficiency/insufficiency (< 50 nmol/L) in the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 793).

From: Prevalence and risk factors of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant Spanish women

 

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency

Univariable models

Multivariable model*

Univariable models

Multivariable model*

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Age (years)

0.983 (0.956, 1.011)

0.235

  

1.013 (0.978, 1.049)

0.471

  

BMI (Kg/m2) during 1st trimester (Excess weight, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)

2.015 (1.502, 2.703)

< 0.001

1.950 (1.409, 2.699)

< 0.001

1.815 (1.228, 2.683)

0.003

1.696 (1.107, 2.600)

0.015

Ethnicity (Arab or dark skin)

4.067 (2.614, 6.327)

< 0.001

4.005 (2.488, 6.447)

< 0.001

5.753 (2.483, 13.324)

< 0.001

5.691 (2.389, 13.556)

0.030

Education level (secondary studies)

0.611 (0.437, 0.853)

0.004

  

1.433 (0.919, 2.236)

0.096

  

Education level (university studies)

0.538 (0.373, 0.777)

0.001

  

0.744 (0.464, 1.191)

0.219

  

Social class (low/ medium)

1.701 (1.159, 2.496)

0.007

  

1.433 (0.919, 2.235)

0.112

  

Smoking habit (yes)

0.622 (0.453, 0.854)

0.003

  

0.674 (0.462, 0.984)

0.041

  

Physical activity

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

0.037

0.999 (0.999, 1.000)

0.073

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

0.009

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

0.022

Parity (yes)

1.164 (0.873, 1.552)

0.300

  

1.105 (0.771, 1.585)

0.586

  

Season at blood collection (winter/spring)

3.964 (2.916, 5.389)

< 0.001

4.319 (3.112, 5.994)

< 0.001

5.463 (3.722, 8.019)

< 0.001

5.825 (3.906, 8.687)

< 0.001

Vitamin D intake from diet during 1st trimester (µg/day)

0.983 (0.846, 1.141)

0.823

  

1.014 (0.839, 1.226)

0.880

  

Fatty fish intake during 1st trimester (servings/ week)

0.986 (0.867, 1.121)

0.836

  

0.991 (0.843, 1.164)

0.913

  

Milk intake during 1st trimester (servings/day)

0.732 (0.571, 0.939)

0.014

0.754 (0.572, 0.993)

0.045

0.657 (0.495, 0.871)

0.004

0.616 (0.449, 0.847)

0.003

Yogurt intake during 1st trimester (servings/day)

0.626 (0.444, 0.882)

0.008

0.635 (0.436, 0.922)

0.017

0.752 (0.507, 1.116)

0.157

  

Goodness-of-fit

  

Nagelkerke R2 = 25.1%;

H–L statistic = 9.15, DF = 8, p = 0.330

  

Nagelkerke R2 = 24.6%;

H–L statistic = 5.59, DF = 8, p = 0.693

  1. The significance of numbers in bold is p-value < 0.05.
  2. BMI, Body mass index; METS, Metabolic equivalents; OR, Odds Ratio; CI, confidence intervals; H–L, Hosmer–Lemeshow; DF = degree of freedom. *Model obtained by an AIC-based backward selection from all statistical variables in the univariable analysis.
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