Figure 1

(a) Schematic of the experimental setup showing a participant wearing a mask in front of the funnel connected to the APS. (b) Photographs of the masks used for the experiments. (c) Microphone recording for a participant (F3) coughing into the funnel while wearing no mask. (d) The instantaneous particle emission rate of all detected particles between 0.3 and 20 µm in diameter. Surg.: surgical; KN95: unvented KN95 respirator; SL-P: single-layer paper towel; SL-T: single-layer cotton t-shirt; DL-T: double-layer cotton t-shirt; N95: vented N95 respirator. The subject gave her written informed consent for publication of the images in (b).