Table 3 Quantitative microbiological results. Mean values and group comparisons (Mann Whitney U for inter-group comparisons, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test) for intra-group comparisons between various timepoints) for microbiological parameters (mean ± SD) (Group A: Placebo, Group B: 3 days AMX + MET, Group C: 7 days AMX + MET; ^sstatistical significant p values 0.001 < p < 0.05; ^hshighly statistically significant values p ≤ 0.001; Base: baseline, m: months, Δ: change).

From: Microbiological and host-derived biomarker evaluation following non-surgical periodontal therapy with short-term administration of systemic antimicrobials: secondary outcomes of an RCT

Variables	Group A N = 26	Group B N = 24	Group C N = 25	p value Mann–Whitney A–B	p value Mann–Whitney A–C	p value Mann–Whitney B–C
*A. actinomycetemecomitans (× 10*⁵)
Base	0.70 ± 2.11	0.11 ± 0.54	1.92 ± 6.29	0.036^s	0.471	0.204
3 m	0.37 ± 1.06	0.01 ± 0.05^s	1.86 ± 9.30	0.001^hs	0.053	0.213
6 m	0.74 ± 2.76	0.02 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.73^s	0.138	0.244	0.775
12 m	0.17 ± 0.48	0.74 ± 3.65	1.10 ± 4.79	0.104	0.961	0.098
Δ base-3 m	0.35 ± 2.3	0.10 ± 0.48	0.34 ± 5.90	0.652	0.624	0.839
Δ base-6 m	− 0.015 ± 1.56	0.10 ± 0.50	1.57 ± 5.77	0.971	0.617	0.672
Δ base-12 m	0.65 ± 2.18	− 0.61 ± 3.04	1.34 ± 8.63	0.738	0.600	0.640
Δ 3 m–6 m	− 0.38 ± 2.67	− 0.004 ± 0.01	1.76 ± 8.71	0.114	0.805	0.128
Δ 3 m–12 m	− 0.071 ± 0.41	− 0.73 ± 3.59	1.14 ± 11.47	0.617	0.429	0.465
Δ 6 m–12 m	0.58 ± 2.88	− 0.76 ± 3.65	− 1.01 ± 5.05	0.806	0.317	0.289
*P. Gingivalis (× 10*⁶)
Base	5.06 ± 10.85^hs	4.65 ± 12.81^hs	9.42 ± 26.45^hs	0.124	0.971	0.266
3 months	0.33 ± 1.50^hs	0.52 ± 2.09^s	0.01 ± 0.07^hs	0.232	< 0.0001^hs	0.014s
6 months	0.31 ± 1.08^hs	1.23 ± 5.92^hs	0.001 ± 0.006^hs	0.037^s	< 0.0001^hs	0.078
12 m	0.13 ± 0.25^hs	0.07 ± 0.19^hs	0.012 ± 0.035^hs	0.033^s	< 0.0001^hs	0.210
Δ base-3 m	4.89 ± 10.84	4.13 ± 13.05	10.41 ± 28.26	0.158	0.902	0.155
Δ base-6 m	4.89 ± 10.90	3.80 ± 14.66	9.98 ± 27.29	0.142	0.613	0.054
Δ base-12 m	3.81 ± 6.51	4.06 ± 13.07	11.84 ± 29.75	0.149	0.509	0.060
Δ 3 m–6 m	0.022 ± 0.05	− 0.63 ± 5.90	0.01 ± 0.07	0.479	0.206	0.838
Δ 3 m–12 m	0.28 ± 1.62	0.58 ± 2.36	0.005 ± 0.09	0.204	0.312	0.479
Δ 6 m–12 m	0.19 ± 1.16	1.28 ± 6.32	− 0.01 ± 0.034	0.550	0.565	0.784
*T. denticola (× 10*⁶)
Base	0.30 ± 0.57	0.23 ± 0.30	0.76 ± 1.81	0.367	0.207	0.634
3 m	0.052 ± 0.14^s	0.01 ± 0.035^hs	0.02 ± 0.05^hs	0.085	0.081	0.694
6 m	0.05 ± 0.14^s	0.06 ± 0.22^hs	0.03 ± 0.08^hs	0.047^s	0.012^s	0.421
12 m	0.16 ± 0.48	0.03 ± 0.07^hs	0.007 ± 0.016^hs	0.256	0.103	0.644
Δ base-3 m	0.25 ± 0.62	0.22 ± 0.30	0.85 ± 1.93	0.062	0.057	0.424
Δ base-6 m	0.25 ± 0.59	0.19 ± 0.39	0.78 ± 1.88	0.194	0.126	0.692
Δ base-12 m	0.058 ± 0.57	0.21 ± 0.29	0.94 ± 2.03	0.103	0.008^s	0.149
Δ 3 m–6 m	− 0.006 ± 0.19	− 0.05 ± 0.19	− 0.16 ± 0.06	0.763	0.428	0.334
Δ 3 m–12 m	− 0.11 ± 0.53	− 0.02 ± 0.07	− 0.000 ± 0.03	0.658	0.727	0.277
Δ 6 m–12 m	− 0.089 ± 0.52	0.034 ± 0.009	0.009 ± 0.05	0.683	0.494	0.733
*T. forsythia (× 10*⁶)
Base	6.13 ± 12.01	7.17 ± 10.41	11.90 ± 28.24	0.628	0.589	0.988
3 m	1.16 ± 2.85^s	0.04 ± 0.16^hs	0.027 ± 0.11^hs	0.031^s	0.046^s	0.928
6 m	30.77 ± 160.26^s	0.21 ± 0.60^hs	0.98 ± 3.56^s	0.040^s	0.012^s	0.499
12 m	0.42 ± 0.99^hs	0.65 ± 2.43^s	0.36 ± 1.38^hs	0.432	0.674	0.238
Δ base-3 m	4.96 ± 12.82	7.13 ± 10.44	13.27 ± 30.08	0.307	0.195	0.686
Δ base-6 m	− 24.42 ± 161.92	6.79 ± 11.01	11.56 ± 29.76	0.422	0.234	0.646
Δ base-12 m	6.09 ± 13.02	6.08 ± 11.39	12.65 ± 31.60	0.918	0.402	0.417
Δ 3 m–6 m	− 30.98 ± 163.26	− 0.16 ± 0.49	− 1.07 ± 3.76	0.783	0.645	0.516
Δ 3 m–12 m	0.98 ± 3.31	− 0.60 ± 2.45	− 0.34 ± 1.49	0.213	0.785	0.248
Δ 6 m–12 m	38.37 ± 179.99s	− 0.44 ± 2.61	0.88 ± 4.43	0.075	0.111	0.774
*P. micra (× 10*⁶)
Base	0.112 ± 0.254	0.308 ± 0.736	0.276 ± 0.780	0.271	0.367	0.937
3 m	0.180 ± 0.476	0.252 ± 1.032^s	0.045 ± 0.137^hs	0.052	0.003^s	0.175
6 m	0.177 ± 0.380	0.127 ± 0.467^s	0.031 ± 0.086^s	0.021^s	< 0.0001^hs	0.215
12 m	0.311 ± 0.587	0.112 ± 0.272	0.206 ± 0.869^s	0.601	0.244	0.435
Δ base-3 m	− 0.064 ± 0.55	0.05 ± 0.65	0.24 ± 0.85	0.168	0.074	0.678
Δ base-6 m	− 0.065 ± 0.45	0.14 ± 0.80	0.26 ± 0.81	0.009^s	0.009^s	0.987
Δ base-12 m	− 0.23 ± 0.57	0.25 ± 0.86	0.12 ± 1.26	0.146	0.020^s	0.543
Δ 3 m–6 m	0.000 ± 0.59	0.16 ± 0.99	0.13 ± 0.15	0.525	0.425	0.827
Δ 3 m–12 m	− 0.22 ± 0.67	0.20 ± 1.21	− 0.22 ± 0.93	0.881	0.934	0.550
Δ 6 m–12 m	− 0.12 ± 0.72	0.026 ± 0.58	− 0.19 ± 0.92	0.474	0.262	0.899
*F. Nucleatum (× 10*⁶)
Base	2.29 ± 1.66	3.18 ± 4.21	3.70 ± 4.06	0.918	0.341	0.554
3 m	1.29 ± 1.51^s	0.75 ± 1.26^hs	0.54 ± 0.74^hs	0.040^s	0.018^s	0.923
6 m	2.12 ± 2.58	0.96 ± 1.36^hs	0.51 ± 0.93^hs	0.027^s	< 0.0001^hs	0.132
12 m	2.25 ± 2.08	9.44 ± 36.18	1.01 ± 1.40^hs	0.516	0.011^s	0.137
Δ base-3 m	1.02 ± 1.92	2.43 ± 4.11	3.32 ± 4.29	0.154	0.031^s	0.330
Δ base-6 m	0.13 ± 3.11	2.42 ± 4.39	3.04 ± 4.33	0.043^s	0.009^s	0.399
Δ base-12 m	0.25 ± 2.68	− 6.02 ± 37.11	3.45 ± 4.71	0.364	0.003^s	0.080
Δ 3 m–6 m	− 0.93 ± 2.21	− 0.11 ± 0.82	0.02 ± 1.07	0.359	0.062	0.244
Δ 3 m–12 m	− 0.96 ± 1.87	− 8.55 ± 36.33	− 0.44 ± 1.16	0.670	0.159	0.509
Δ 6 m–12 m	− 0.21 ± 2.63	− 8.83 ± 37.15	− 0.55 ± 0.99	0.177	0.401	0.440
*C. Rectus (× 10*⁶)
Base	0.42 ± 0.36	0.56 ± 0.58	0.84 ± 0.89	0.652	0.072	0.257
3 m	0.18 ± 0.27^s	0.082 ± 0.13^hs	0.067 ± 0.11^hs	0.061	0.030^s	0.658
6 m	0.31 ± 0.68	0.12 ± 0.24^hs	0.082 ± 0.24^hs	0.082	0.002^s	0.099
12 m	0.21 ± 0.23^s	9.46 ± 45.61^s	0.15 ± 0.23^hs	0.105	0.221	0.917
Δ base-3 m	0.23 ± 0.48	0.48 ± 0.59	0.84 ± 0.96	0.219	0.009^s	0.157
Δ base-6 m	0.10 ± 0.77	0.47 ± 0.67	0.67 ± 0.83	0.194	0.009^s	0.212
Δ base-12 m	0.20 ± 0.49	− 8.85 ± 45.68	0.79 ± 0.98	0.201	0.023^s	0.375
Δ 3 m–6 m	− 0.13 ± 0.68	− 0.028 ± 0.18	− 0.017 ± 0.23	0.768	0.889	0.475
Δ 3 m–12 m	− 0.04 ± 0.24	− 9.37 ± 45.61	− 0.088 ± 0.25	0.806	0.404	0.522
Δ 6 m–12 m	0.15 ± 0.76	− 9.74 ± 46.58	− 0.10 ± 0.22	0.982	0.311	0.310
*F. Allocis (× 10*⁶)
Base	1.60 ± 3.17	1.99 ± 3.52	2.49 ± 9.09	0.506	0.762	0.242
3 m	0.31 ± 0.76^hs	0.058 ± 0.17^hs	0.015 ± 0.063^hs	0.002^s	< 0.0001^hs	0.762
6 m	0.27 ± 0.53^hs	0.11 ± 0.25^hs	0.033 ± 0.12^hs	0.085	0.001^hs	0.123
12 m	0.071 ± 0.18^hs	0.026 ± 0.059^hs	0.021 ± 0.077^hs	0.553	0.025^s	0.083
Δ base-3 m	1.32 ± 3.06	1.93 ± 3.55	2.66 ± 9.75	0.231	0.594	0.243
Δ base-6 m	1.38 ± 3.22	1.86 ± 3.75	2.56 ± 9.41	0.381	0.657	0.555
Δ base-12 m	1.64 ± 3.39	2.12 ± 3.81	2.95 ± 10.33	0.303	0.992	0.293
Δ 3 m–6 m	0.04 ± 0.78	− 0.05 ± 0.14	− 0.02 ± 0.14	0.128	0.415	0.179
Δ 3 m–12 m	0.28 ± 0.75	0.04 ± 0.16	− 0.004 ± 0.11	0.149	0.054	0.926
Δ 6 m–12 m	0.26 ± 0.60	0.10 ± 0.23	− 0.007 ± 0.026	0.270	0.013^s	0.388

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