Table 2 Summary of maternal high-fat diet (HFD)-induced changes in serum metabolites in 40-day-old male and female offspring exposed to air.
Female diet effect | Male diet effect | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
Microbiome | ||
↑ in microbial catabolites of tyrosine—phenol sulfate and phenol glucuronide (HFD > CD) ↓ in benzoate metabolites | ↓ in benzoate metabolites ↑ in 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionate sulfate | Maternal HFD could change male and female offspring microbiome that might be linked to metabolic diseases |
Energy metabolism | ||
→ in anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) | ↓ Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) | Likely increased competition with glucose for renal clearance Susceptibility to insulin resistance |
Lipid metabolism | ||
↑ and ↓ in BCAA metabolites ↑ in polyunsaturated fatty acids and long chain fatty acids ↓ in medium chain fatty acids | ↑ in polyunsaturated fatty acids ↓ in medium and short chain fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and monoacyl glycerols | Maternal HFD induced changes in circulating lipids (males > females). These changes may be secondary to altered liver metabolic processes |
↑ in ceramides ↓ in sterol metabolites | ↑ in pyrimidine metabolites ↓ in sterol metabolites | Sterol metabolism inhibited in both sexes while sex-specific effects on ceramides may indicate liver susceptibility to steatosis-like changes |
