Table 6 Statistical results for the efficacy of the exercise plus supplement intervention.

	t-stat	df	p value	d	Bf
Physical fitness
Power*	4.97	63	10⁻⁶	0.62	6324
Strength and endurance*	10.9	50	10⁻¹⁵	1.52	10¹²
Mobility and stability*	6.1	69	10⁻⁸	0.73	10⁶
Blood pressure*	− 2.7	69	0.004	0.33	7.9
Heart rate*	− 6.2	68	10⁻⁸	0.75	10⁶
Lean muscle mass*	9.2	69	10⁻¹⁴	1.10	10¹⁰
Cognition
Short term memory	− 2.2	63	0.98	0.27	0.05
Episodic memory*	2.28	58	0.013	0.30	3.05
Fluid intelligence acc*	5.3	65	10⁻⁷	0.65	10⁴
Fluid intelligence RT*	− 1.85	65	0.034	0.23	1.30
Working memory*	1.81	67	0.04	0.22	1.20
Executive function acc	− 4.3	66	0.001	0.52	0.03
Executive function RT*	− 5.6	66	10⁻⁷	0.68	10⁴
Processing efficiency*	5.4	69	10⁻⁷	0.47	10⁴
Biomarkers
Cortisol (µg/dL)*	− 1.61	54	0.057	0.22	0.92
Ferritin (ng/mL)*	− 5.96	54	10⁻⁸	0.80	10⁵
Folate (ng/mL)*	1.74	54	0.043	0.24	1.15
High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	1.04	54	0.15	0.14	0.41
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)*	− 2.54	54	0.007	0.35	5.45
Lutein density in fovea*	1.62	13	0.06	0.43	1.42
Lutein density in parafovea	1.07	13	0.15	0.29	0.73
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	1.25	54	0.11	0.17	0.54
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)*	2.02	54	0.024	0.27	1.89
Saturated fatty acids (mol%)	0.24	55	0.41	0.04	0.18
Monounsaturated fatty acids (mol%)	− 0.15	55	0.56	0.02	0.13
Omega-3 PUFAs (mol%)*	6.72	55	10⁻⁹	0.90	10⁶
Omega-6 PUFAs (mol%)*	− 3.52	55	0.00043	0.47	62.2
Trans fatty acids (mol%)	− 0.86	55	0.20	0.11	0.33

t-stat is the value of the 1-sided t-statistic (where negative values represent decreases from pre- to post-intervention); df is the degrees of freedom of the t-test; p value is the frequentist p value of the t-test; d is Cohen’s d; and Bf is the Bayes factor for the t-test. An * in the row header indicates the exercise plus placebo intervention modified that indicator. PUFA stands for polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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