Figure 3

Reduced glycogen and lipid accumulations in diapausing female Cx. pipiens by solid-state NMR. (a) Overlapping ¹³C-CPMAS spectra centered at 96 ppm of C1 anomeric carbon (left) and 75 ppm for the C2, C3, C4, and C5 carbons in glucose (right). The dsi-RNA knockdown of all three candidate genes under the control of Foxo show suppressed glycogen biosynthesis in diapausing mosquitoes. (b) Enlarged ¹³C-CPMAS spectra of dsi-RNA knockdown mosquitoes show the disappearance of aliphatic –CH₂– carbons at 34 ppm and accumulation at 30 and 25 ppm. (c) The reduced 34-ppm peak intensity, which is clearly visible in the difference spectra (natural abundance removed), indicates reduced lipid accumulation in dsi-RNA knockdown mosquitoes.