Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Repeated stress exposure in mid-adolescence attenuates behavioral, noradrenergic, and epigenetic effects of trauma-like stress in early adult male rats

Figure 1

Timeline of procedures. Repeated variable stress consisted of repeated, unpredictable exposure to visual, olfactory, and auditory predation cues (a swooping hawk model, fox urine, large cat vocalizations). The single prolonged stress (SPS) model is defined by three stressors in succession (restraint, forced swim, ether exposure). Following SPS, rats were socially isolated for seven days. During fear learning testing, rats were first trained to associate a tone with a shock, then the tone was repeatedly presented in a novel context to facilitate extinction learning. Rats were then returned to the second context to test the retention of extinction learning. The day following extinction retention testing, brains were collected for region-specific measurement of HDAC4, HDAC5, NE, and NPAS4. All groups were age-matched for SPS, fear learning, and time in the laboratory; groups 2 and 3 were reared in the laboratory under control conditions.

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