Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Lubricant-infused directly engraved nano-microstructures for mechanically durable endoscope lens with anti-biofouling and anti-fogging properties

Figure 4

(a) A schematic illustration of the set-up for anti-fogging tests; (b) sequential photographic images of the bare glass (left) and LIDENS (right) after being held at ~ 3 cm over steaming water (~ 80 °C, 100% RH) for 60 s; (c) a schematic illustration of the two factors influencing droplet nucleation depending on the surface characteristics (i.e. nucleation density and droplet coalescence); (d) sequential photographs of droplet coalescence on the bare glass surface (top) and LIDENS (bottom); (e) a schematic of the small droplet adsorption test set-up for the LIDENS-integrated endoscope system using blood spray; (f) sequential images showing the field of vision for the untreated glass (top) and the LIDENS (bottom); (g) visible area percentage after blood spraying on the bare endoscope and the LIDENS-integrated endoscope system. (h) A schematic illustration of the blood dipping test set-up; (i) field of vision after the blood dipping test for the untreated glass (left) and LIDENS (right); (j) visible area percentage after the blood dipping tests.

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