Figure 2

GPS derived surface convergence rates in 2500 km Himalayan arc along with major fault lines mapped using^{41,42,43,44,45}: MFT—Main Frontal Thrust, MBT—Main Boundary Thrust, MCT—Main Central Thrust, STDS—South Tibet Detachment System, ISZ—Indus Suture Zone, IYSZ—Indus-Yalu Suture Zone, WFNS—Western Nepal Fault System. Red ellipses represent rupture of 2005 instrumental era event and historical events of 1555 (in Pir Panjal; apparently last major event in the Kashmir seismic gap), 1885 (with epicenter near Pattan, SE of station BARM) and 1905 Kangra earthquake^{1,2,3,7,8,14,42,43,47,48}. GPS site locations are denoted by solid triangles. Black (present study); Magenta¹⁴; Brown²⁵; Red¹⁵; Blue¹⁹; dark Brown²⁰; Green²¹. Figure was created using GMT (Generic mapping tool) software version 5.2.1 (ftp://ftp.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/legacy/)⁴⁶.