Table 1 ITRF and India Fixed rates of GPS sites used in the analysis with the location description and the data span.
Site code | Lat (°N) | Long (°E) | Epoch | ITRF14 velocities (mm/year) | India fixed velocities (mm/year) | Description | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | σN | E | σE | N | σN | E | σE | |||||
Kashmir/Ladakh Himalayan sites | ||||||||||||
Kupwara KUPW | 34.6 | 74.3 | 2015–2019 | 32.26 | 1.07 | 18.21 | 1.09 | − 2.23 | 1.09 | − 14.29 | 1.35 | Northwestern part of Kashmir Valley |
Baramulla BARM | 34.2 | 74.3 | 2015–2019 | 28.33 | 1.05 | 29.12 | 1.07 | − 6.17 | 1.07 | − 3.60 | 1.34 | Located on the bank of Jhelum River, also near NW edge of the valley |
Gulmarg GULM | 34.1 | 74.4 | 2015–2019 | 32.25 | 1.12 | 29.52 | 1.14 | − 2.26 | 1.13 | − 3.31 | 1.39 | Located on foothills of Pir Panjal Range SE of Baramulla |
Bandipora BAND | 34.4 | 74.5 | 2015–2019 | 26.34 | 1.12 | 28.20 | 1.13 | − 8.18 | 1.13 | − 4.46 | 1.38 | Located on the NW of Wular Lake |
Aharbal AHAR | 33.6 | 74.8 | 2015–2019 | 30.94 | 1.06 | 29.79 | 1.07 | − 3.61 | 1.08 | − 3.38 | 1.33 | Southwestern part of Kashmir valley, on foothills of Pir Panjal |
Srinagar UOKA | 34.1 | 74.8 | 2015–2019 | 29.15 | 1.15 | 29.29 | 1.16 | − 5.41 | 1.16 | − 3.64 | 1.41 | Located in the centre of Kashmir valley, on western bank of Dal Lake |
Batpal BATP | 33.9 | 75.0 | 2015–2017 | 28.99 | 1.41 | 27.23 | 1.42 | − 5.59 | 1.42 | − 5.88 | 1.63 | NE edge of the valley, NNW of ANAN |
Gund GUND | 34.3 | 75.1 | 2015–2019 | 26.65 | 1.09 | 26.86 | 1.10 | − 7.94 | 1.10 | − 6.09 | 1.36 | Located on bank of Sind river |
Anantnag ANAN | 33.7 | 75.2 | 2015–2019 | 28.98 | 1.06 | 28.44 | 1.07 | − 5.62 | 1.07 | − 4.81 | 1.33 | Southeastern edge of the basin |
Pahalgam PAHA | 34.0 | 75.3 | 2015–2019 | 27.38 | 1.06 | 28.10 | 1.08 | − 7.23 | 1.07 | − 5.05 | 1.34 | Located near Lidder river, Tethys Himalaya |
Sonamarg SONA | 34.3 | 75.3 | 2015–2019 | 25.92 | 1.06 | 27.73 | 1.08 | − 8.70 | 1.07 | − 5.28 | 1.34 | Located on the bank of Sind river, NE of the valley |
Pandrass PAND | 34.4 | 75.6 | 2015–2019 | 25.35 | 1.11 | 26.70 | 1.12 | − 9.30 | 1.12 | − 6.35 | 1.38 | Indus suture zone, Zanskar |
Bhimbat BHIM | 34.4 | 75.8 | 2017–2020 | 23.77 | 1.39 | 24.88 | 1.40 | − 9.79 | 1.40 | − 9.34 | 1.62 | Indus suture zone, Zanskar |
Kargil KARG | 34.6 | 76.1 | 2017–2019 | 23.97 | 1.52 | 26.79 | 1.53 | − 10.73 | 1.53 | − 6.34 | 1.73 | Indus suture zone, Zanskar |
Hanle IAOH | 32.8 | 79.0 | 2008–2019 | 18.78 | 0.63 | 28.18 | 0.64 | − 16.18 | 0.65 | − 6.81 | 1.00 | Mt Saraswathi, Ladakh Himalaya |
Leh RSCL | 34.1 | 77.6 | 2008–2012 | 20.36 | 1.07 | 26.84 | 1.07 | − 14.49 | 1.08 | − 7.03 | 1.34 | Ladakh Himalaya |
Leh RSC1 | 34.1 | 77.6 | 2016–2019 | 21.61 | 1.27 | 26.55 | 1.28 | − 13.24 | 1.28 | − 7.32 | 1.51 | Ladakh Himalaya |
Other Himalayan sites | ||||||||||||
Kullu GBKL | 31.8 | 77.2 | 2008–2014 | 29.30 | 0.81 | 28.88 | 0.82 | − 5.51 | 0.83 | − 5.99 | 1.12 | MCT Zone, on the banks of Beas River |
Roorkee CBRI | 29.9 | 77.9 | 2014–2015 | 34.68 | 1.74 | 33.68 | 1.75 | − 0.20 | 1.75 | − 2.34 | 1.90 | Frontal Himalaya |
Roorkee CBR1 | 29.9 | 77.9 | 2015–2019 | 35.02 | 1.07 | 34.56 | 1.08 | 0.14 | 1.08 | − 1.46 | 1.31 | Frontal Himalaya |
Dehradun DEHR | 30.3 | 78.1 | 2009–2011 | 34.44 | 1.24 | 34.17 | 1.24 | − 0.45 | 1.25 | − 1.69 | 1.44 | South of MBT in Gharwal Himalaya |
Nagoli GBSN | 30.2 | 78.7 | 2008–2014 | 32.90 | 0.82 | 34.82 | 0.83 | − 2.05 | 0.84 | − 1.30 | 1.11 | Gharwal Himalaya |
Almora GBPK | 29.6 | 79.6 | 2008–2014 | 34.03 | 0.80 | 35.23 | 0.81 | − 0.99 | 0.82 | − 1.41 | 1.09 | Lesser Himalaya of Gharwal |
Nainital GBNL | 29.4 | 79.4 | 2008–2014 | 34.16 | 0.80 | 35.76 | 0.81 | − 0.84 | 0.82 | − 0.94 | 1.09 | Kumaon Himalaya |
Panthang GBSK | 27.4 | 88.6 | 2008–2014 | 28.01 | 0.80 | 39.19 | 0.81 | − 7.19 | 0.85 | − 0.94 | 1.07 | Sikkim Himalaya |
Lhasa LHAZ | 29.7 | 91.1 | 2008–2019 | 15.24 | 0.59 | 46.30 | 0.59 | − 19.85 | 0.69 | 6.19 | 0.94 | IGS station located in south-eastern Tibet, China |
Bomdilla BOMP | 27.3 | 92.4 | 2008–2016 | 19.67 | 0.73 | 43.31 | 0.73 | − 15.35 | 0.82 | 2.08 | 1.01 | Arunachal Himalaya |
Stable plate interior sites | ||||||||||||
Lucknow LCKI | 26.9 | 81.0 | 2012–2014 | 34.34 | 1.41 | 38.11 | 1.42 | − 0.76 | 1.42 | − 0.06 | 1.58 | IGS station, Uttar Pradesh |
Lucknow LCK2 | 26.9 | 81.0 | 2012–2014 | 34.53 | 1.41 | 38.19 | 1.42 | − 0.57 | 1.42 | 0.02 | 1.58 | IGS station, Uttar Pradesh |
Lucknow LCK3 | 26.9 | 81.0 | 2015–2019 | 34.71 | 0.96 | 36.48 | 0.96 | − 0.39 | 0.98 | − 1.69 | 1.18 | IGS station, Uttar Pradesh |
Lucknow LCK4 | 26.9 | 81.0 | 2015–2019 | 34.62 | 0.96 | 36.49 | 0.96 | − 0.48 | 0.98 | − 1.68 | 1.18 | IGS Station, Uttar Pradesh |
Bhubaneswar BHUB | 20.3 | 85.8 | 2009–2012 | 35.67 | 1.17 | 40.56 | 1.17 | 0.42 | 1.20 | − 1.01 | 1.31 | Eastern Ghat Mountains, Orissa |
Hyderabad HYDE | 17.4 | 78.6 | 2008–2019 | 34.94 | 0.72 | 40.83 | 0.73 | − 0.01 | 0.74 | − 0.13 | 0.92 | IGS station in Central India located on deccan Plateau |
Bangalore IISC | 13.0 | 77.6 | 2008–2019 | 35.34 | 0.60 | 42.84 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.79 | IGS station in South India located on Bedrock exposure |
Bangalore BAN2 | 13.0 | 77.5 | 2008–2012 | 34.69 | 1.01 | 43.34 | 1.02 | − 0.18 | 1.02 | 1.30 | 1.14 | IGS station |
Chennai FPNT | 12.9 | 80.2 | 2016–2019 | 36.50 | 1.20 | 42.20 | 1.22 | 1.42 | 1.21 | − 0.23 | 1.32 | Located on Eastern Coastal Plains |
Kodaikanal KODI | 10.2 | 77.5 | 2008–2019 | 34.86 | 0.62 | 43.82 | 0.63 | − 0.01 | 0.64 | 1.11 | 0.80 | Southernmost peninsular site |
Colombo SGOC | 6.9 | 79.9 | 2013–2019 | 35.10 | 0.84 | 44.37 | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.98 | IGS station, Narahenpita, Colombo, Srilanka |
IGS sites | ||||||||||||
Portblair PBR2 | 11.6 | 92.7 | 2012–2016 | 19.04 | 1.04 | 7.95 | 1.05 | − 15.98 | 1.11 | − 36.31 | 1.16 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
Karratha KARR | − 21.0 | 117.1 | 2008–2019 | 59.30 | 0.59 | 39.05 | 0.59 | 29.12 | 1.05 | 4.11 | 0.82 | Australian tectonic plate |
Wuhan WUHN | 30.5 | 114.4 | 2008–2016 | − 10.59 | 0.62 | 33.54 | 0.62 | − 41.59 | 1.03 | − 13.14 | 0.92 | China in Eurasian tectonic plate |
Bakosurtanal BAKO | − 6.5 | 106.8 | 2008–2019 | − 5.96 | 0.56 | 24.83 | 0.57 | − 38.91 | 0.88 | − 17.82 | 0.75 | Located in Indonesia |
Nanyang NTUS | 1.3 | 103.7 | 2008–2019 | − 5.97 | 0.96 | 30.57 | 0.97 | − 39.57 | 1.14 | − 14.01 | 1.07 | Located in Singapore |
Kunming KUNM | 25.0 | 102.8 | 2008–2013 | − 16.47 | 1.50 | 34.14 | 1.50 | − 50.21 | 1.61 | − 10.34 | 1.63 | China in Eurasian tectonic plate |
Cocos COCO | − 12.2 | 96.8 | 2008–2019 | 51.02 | 0.69 | 44.23 | 0.69 | 16.39 | 0.83 | 2.27 | 0.88 | Coco island, western Australian tectonic plate |
Selezaschita SELE | 43.2 | 77.0 | 2008–2013 | 4.44 | 0.88 | 29.17 | 0.89 | − 30.34 | 0.89 | 0.53 | 1.29 | Kazakhstan in Tean Shan tectonic plate |
Poligan POL2 | 42.7 | 74.7 | 2008–2019 | 4.29 | 0.66 | 28.06 | 0.68 | − 30.24 | 0.68 | 0.08 | 1.15 | Kyrghyzstan in Eurasian tectonic plate |
Diego Garcia DGAR | − 7.3 | 72.4 | 2008–2019 | 33.96 | 0.76 | 47.45 | 0.79 | − 0.31 | 0.79 | 2.42 | 0.94 | Diego Garcial Island |
Kitab KIT3 | 39.1 | 66.9 | 2008–2018 | 4.22 | 0.59 | 28.55 | 0.59 | − 29.05 | 0.66 | 1.36 | 1.04 | Uzbekistan in Eurasian tectonic plate |
Seychelles SEY1 | − 4.7 | 55.5 | 2008–2016 | 12.73 | 0.67 | 24.42 | 0.66 | − 17.65 | 0.85 | − 21.22 | 0.82 | Mahe Island, East African tectonic plate |
Bahrain BHR1 | 26.2 | 50.6 | 2008–2009 | 31.58 | 1.56 | 26.66 | 1.56 | 2.85 | 1.68 | − 4.18 | 1.67 | Located in Arabian tectonic plate |
Bahrain BHR2 | 26.2 | 50.6 | 2008–2009 | 31.64 | 1.55 | 26.67 | 1.55 | 2.91 | 1.67 | − 4.17 | 1.66 | Located in Arabian tectonic plate |
