Table 3 Associations between cumulativeab dose of ICS exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease in COPD patients.

From: Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk for coronary heart disease: a nationwide cohort study

 

Crude Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Adjusted Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Total

0.68 (0.52–0.89)

0.005

0.68 (0.52–0.89)

0.004

Adults ≥ 55 yearsc

0.75 (0.58–0.99)

0.039

0.74 (0.56–0.97)

0.004

Males < 55 yearsd

0.29 (0.07–1.15)

0.078

0.66 (0.48–0.91)

0.011

Females < 55 yearsd

0.34 (0.07–1.76)

0.20

0.56 (0.32–1.00)

0.049

Never smokere

0.67 (0.45–1.00)

0.052

0.73 (0.49–1.07)

0.11

Former smokere

0.54 (0.30–0.97)

0.040

0.51 (0.28–0.92)

0.026

Current smokere

0.81 (0.52–1.24)

0.32

0.81 (0.51–1.28)

0.36

  1. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; CI, confidence interval.
  2. aMeasured as a continuous variable (grams).
  3. bICS usages are analyzed as time-dependent covariates.
  4. cAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.
  5. dAdjusted HRs were adjusted for body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.
  6. eAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, and Charlson comorbidity index.
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