Table 7 Effect of dietary selenium nanoparticles and riboflavin on concentration of arsenic in experimental water and bioaccumulation in fish tissues such as liver, muscle, gill and kidney tissues and selenium bioaccumulation in muscle tissues of P. hypophthalmus reared under arsenic and high temperature for 90 days.

Treatments	Non-stressors	Stressors (arsenic + temperature)	Non-stressors			Stressors (arsenic + temperature)
Diets	Control	Control	Se-NPs + RF-5 mg kg⁻¹	Se-NPs + RF-10 mg kg⁻¹	Se-NPs + RF-15 mg kg⁻¹	Se-NPs + RF-5 mg kg⁻¹	Se-NPs + RF-10 mg kg⁻¹	Se-NPs + RF-15 mg kg⁻¹
Water (µg L⁻¹)	11.08^a ± 1.44	753.83^e ± 24.28	7.73^a ± 0.43	6.20^a ± 0.87	8.45^a ± 1.06	444.33^d ± 33.97	200.12^b ± 5.41	300.02^c ± 58.87
Liver (mg kg⁻¹)	0.11^a ± 0.01	1.99^b ± 0.08	0.08^a ± 0.01	0.09^a ± 0.02	0.10^a ± 0.01	0.10^a ± 0.03	0.07^a ± 0.01	0.10^a ± 0.01
Muscle (mg kg⁻¹)	0.08 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.001	0.23 ± 0.2	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01
Gill (mg kg⁻¹)	0.13^a ± 0.01	1.42^c ± 0.11	0.54^b ± 0.14	0.10^a ± 0.001	0.12^a ± 0.01	0.16^a ± 0.05	0.11^a ± 0.01	0.16^a ± 0.03
Kidney (mg kg⁻¹)	0.20^a ± 0.01	1.64^b ± 0.15	0.15^a ± 0.02	0.14^a ± 0.001	0.14^a ± 0.01	0.19^a ± 0.02	0.17^a ± 0.02	0.16^a ± 0.03
Brain (mg kg⁻¹)	0.02^a ± 0.002	1.16^c ± 0.001	0.03^a ± 0.04	0.06^a ± 0.01	0.09^a ± 0.01	0.08^a ± 0.03	0.09^a ± 0.01	0.08^a ± 0.03
Muscle-Se (mg kg⁻¹)	0.59^b ± 0.08	0.23^a ± 0.03	0.96^c ± 0.06	0.96^c ± 0.07	1.05^c ± 0.05	0.91^c ± 0.05	0.95^c ± 0.12	1.05^c ± 0.05

Values in the same row with different superscript (a–c) differ significantly (p < 0.01). Data expressed as Mean ± SE (n = 4).

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