Table 3 Effect sizes on AHI among the interventions.

From: Comparison of transoral robotic surgery with other surgeries for obstructive sleep apnea

Author (year)	Intervention	n	Weight (%)	SMD	SE	95% CI	p
Hwang (2019)¹¹	TORS	16	11.42	− 1.82	0.41	− 2.66 to − 0.97
Babademez (2019)^a,¹²	TORS	37	12.01	− 2.71	0.32	− 3.34 to − 2.07
Babademez (2019)^b,¹²	TORS	37	12.06	− 2.55	0.31	− 3.17 to − 1.93
Lan (2019)¹³	TORS	16	11.65	− 1.24	0.37	− 2.01 to 0.47
Huntley (2019)¹⁴	TORS	24	12.17	− 0.66	0.29	− 1.25 to − 0.08
Yu (2019)¹⁵	TORS	20	11.89	− 1.26	0.34	− 1.95 to − 0.57
Aynacı (2018)¹⁶	TORS	20	8.16	− 7.06	0.84	− 8.78 to − 5.34
Karaman (2017)⁴	TORS	10	8.21	− 4.58	0.84	− 6.34 to − 2.81
Folk (2017)¹⁷	TORS	45	12.43	− 1.63	0.24	− 2.11 to − 1.15
Total random effect	TORS	225	100.00	− 2.38	0.40	− 3.15 to − 1.59	0.001
Heterogeneity test			Q = 83.29, df = 8, I² = 90.40%				0.001
Hwang (2019)¹¹	CTBR	29	25.56	− 1.64	0.30	− 2.24 to − 1.04
Babademez (2019)^a,¹²	CTBR	33	24.49	− 3.12	0.36	− 3.85 to − 2.40
Babademez (2019)^b,¹²	CTBR	33	25.12	− 2.52	0.32	− 3.18 to − 1.87
Lan (2019)¹³	CTBR	17	24.82	− 0.72	0.34	− 1.42 to − 0.01
Total random effect	CTBR	112	100	− 2.00	0.50	− 2.99 to − 1.01	0.001
Heterogeneity test			Q = 27.13, df = 3, I² = 88.94%				0.001
Huntley (2019)¹⁴	UAS	76	68.82	− 0.80	0.23	− 1.27 to -0.33
Yu (2019)¹⁵	UAS	29	31.18	− 1.25	0.35	− 1.97 to − 0.53
Total fixed effect	UAS	105	100	− 0.94	0.19	− 1.33 to − 0.55	0.001
Heterogeneity test			Q = 1.10, df = 1, I² = 9.48%				0.29
Aynacı (2018)¹⁶	Radiofrequency	20	NA	− 2.42	0.41	− 3.25 to − 1.58
Karaman (2017)⁴	CO2 laser	10	NA	− 5.96	1.03	− 8.14 to − 3.79
Folk (2017)¹⁷	EPMG	16	NA	− 0.66	0.35	− 1.39 to 0.05

SMD standardized mean difference, SE standard error, CI confidence intervals, TORS transoral robotic surgery, CTBS coblation tongue base resection, UAS upper airway stimulation, EPMG endoscopic partial midline glossectomy.

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