Table 1 Socioeconomic and health-related characteristics of all study participants according to the presence/absence of depression.
From: Sex differences in type of exercise associated with depression in South Korean adults
Variables | Men (N = 6010) | Women (N = 7904) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed (PHQ ≥ 10) | Not depressed (PHQ < 10) | p-value | Depressed (PHQ ≥ 10) | Not depressed (PHQ < 10) | p-value | |||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Strength exercise | < 0.0001 | 0.0244 | ||||||||
None | 167 | (4.3) | 3709 | (95.7) | 454 | (7.0) | 6003 | (93.0) | ||
≥ 1 | 47 | (2.2) | 2087 | (97.8) | 78 | (5.4) | 1369 | (94.6) | ||
Walking | 0.0125 | 0.0035 | ||||||||
None | 20 | (6.01) | 313 | (93.99) | 30 | (11.11) | 240 | (88.89) | ||
≥ 1 | 193 | (3.40) | 5482 | (96.60) | 502 | (6.58) | 7132 | (93.42) | ||
Physical activity | 0.0990 | 0.5480 | ||||||||
Low | 90 | (3.8) | 2276 | (96.2) | 252 | (6.9) | 3388 | (93.1) | ||
Moderate | 97 | (3.8) | 2454 | (96.2) | 219 | (6.4) | 3205 | (93.6) | ||
High | 27 | (2.5) | 1066 | (97.5) | 61 | (7.3) | 779 | (92.7) | ||
Age | 0.415 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
19–29 | 28 | (3.4) | 798 | (96.6) | 99 | (9.5) | 945 | (90.5) | ||
30–39 | 45 | (4.2) | 1024 | (95.8) | 88 | (6.4) | 1288 | (93.6) | ||
40–49 | 34 | (3.1) | 1066 | (96.9) | 55 | (3.7) | 1439 | (96.3) | ||
50–59 | 31 | (2.9) | 1033 | (97.1) | 96 | (6.0) | 1496 | (94.0) | ||
60–69 | 37 | (3.5) | 1017 | (96.5) | 105 | (7.9) | 1222 | (92.1) | ||
≥ 70 | 39 | (4.3) | 858 | (95.7) | 89 | (8.3) | 982 | (91.7) | ||
Educational attainment | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Middle school and below | 65 | (5.6) | 1090 | (94.4) | 227 | (9.5) | 2171 | (90.5) | ||
High school | 61 | (3.7) | 1572 | (96.3) | 136 | (6.3) | 2026 | (93.7) | ||
University and above | 88 | (2.7) | 3134 | (97.3) | 169 | (5.1) | 3175 | (94.9) | ||
Equalized household income | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Quartile 1 (low) | 81 | (8.9) | 832 | (91.1) | 178 | (12.9) | 1205 | (87.1) | ||
Quartile 2 | 57 | (4.0) | 1358 | (96.0) | 144 | (7.3) | 1828 | (92.7) | ||
Quartile 3 | 42 | (2.4) | 1735 | (97.6) | 134 | (6.1) | 2080 | (93.9) | ||
Quartile 4 (high) | 34 | (1.8) | 1871 | (98.2) | 76 | (3.3) | 2259 | (96.7) | ||
Marital status | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Married | 121 | (2.8) | 4253 | (97.2) | 268 | (4.9) | 5150 | (95.1) | ||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 34 | (10.1) | 304 | (89.9) | 151 | (11.8) | 1131 | (88.2) | ||
Never married | 59 | (4.5) | 1239 | (95.5) | 113 | (9.4) | 1091 | (90.6) | ||
Smoking status | 0.0006 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Non-smoker | 30 | (2.1) | 1402 | (97.9) | 388 | (5.5) | 6642 | (94.5) | ||
Smoker | 184 | (4.0) | 4394 | (96.0) | 144 | (16.7) | 720 | (83.3) | ||
Alcohol use | 0.9297 | 0.7410 | ||||||||
No | 9 | (3.5) | 251 | (96.5) | 80 | (7.0) | 1070 | (93.0) | ||
Yes | 205 | (3.6) | 5545 | (96.4) | 452 | (6.7) | 6302 | (93.3) | ||
Residential area | 0.5647 | 0.5037 | ||||||||
Urban | 96 | (3.4) | 2716 | (96.6) | 249 | (6.5) | 3561 | (93.5) | ||
Rural | 118 | (3.7) | 3080 | (96.3) | 283 | (6.9) | 3811 | (93.1) | ||
BMI | 0.0002 | 0.0182 | ||||||||
Underweight | 15 | (10.4) | 129 | (89.6) | 40 | (10.0) | 359 | (90.0) | ||
Normal weight | 73 | (3.8) | 1837 | (96.2) | 232 | (6.4) | 3400 | (93.6) | ||
Overweight | 48 | (3.1) | 1490 | (96.9) | 101 | (6.2) | 1540 | (93.8) | ||
Obesity | 66 | (3.1) | 2030 | (96.9) | 125 | (6.7) | 1735 | (93.3) | ||
Severe obesity | 12 | (3.7) | 310 | (96.3) | 34 | (9.1) | 338 | (90.9) | ||
Stroke history | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
No | 200 | (3.4) | 5663 | (96.6) | 507 | (6.5) | 7271 | (93.5) | ||
Yes | 14 | (9.5) | 133 | (90.5) | 25 | (19.8) | 101 | (80.2) | ||
Participants | 177 | (2.96) | 5796 | (97.04) | 532 | (6.73) | 7372 | (93.27) | ||
