Table 4 Odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity for thyroid cancer in each group.

From: Obesity is positively related and tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are negatively related to an increased risk of thyroid cancer

Characteristics

N of thyroid cancer

N of control

ORs of thyroid cancer

(Exposure/total, %)

(Exposure/total, %)

Crude

P-value

Adjusted†

P-value

Non or past smoker (n = 22,994)

Alcohol consumption

456/4704 (9.7%)

2003/18,290 (11.0%)

0.87 (0.78–0.97)

0.013*

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

 < 0.001*

Obesity (BMI, kg/m2)

   

0.004*

 

0.004*

 < 18.5 (underweight)

58/4704 (1.2%)

309/18,290 (1.7%)

0.78 (0.58–1.03)

0.084

0.77 (0.58–1.02)

0.072

  ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal)

1588/4704 (33.8%)

6572/18,290 (35.9%)

1.00

 

1.00

 

 ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight)

1344/4704 (28.6%)

5123/18,290 (28.0%)

1.09 (1.00–1.18)

0.047*

1.08 (1.00–1.18)

0.054

 ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I)

1533/4704 (32.6%)

5669/18,290 (31.0%)

1.12 (1.03–1.21)

0.005*

1.11 (1.03–1.21)

0.008*

 ≥ 30 (obese II)

181/4704 (3.9%)

617/18,290 (3.4%)

1.21 (1.02–1.45)

0.029*

1.22 (1.02–1.45)

0.027*

Current smoker (n = 1891)

Alcohol consumption

133/273 (48.7%)

788/1618 (48.7%)

1.00 (0.77–1.29)

0.996

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

0.565

Obesity (BMI, kg/m2)

   

0.046*

 

0.080

 < 18.5 (underweight)

3/273 (1.1%)

41/1618 (2.5%)

0.52 (0.16–1.72)

0.283

0.57 (0.17–1.90)

0.360

 ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal)

74/273 (27.1%)

525/1618 (32.5%)

1.00

 

1.00

 

 ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight)

76/273 (27.8%)

485/1618 (30.0%)

1.11 (0.79–1.57)

0.545

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

0.779

 ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I)

110/273 (40.3%)

527/1618 (32.6%)

1.48 (1.08–2.04)

0.016*

1.44 (1.05–2.00)

0.026*

 ≥ 30 (obese II)

10/273 (3.7%)

40/1618 (2.5%)

1.77 (0.85–3.70)

0.126

1.60 (0.75–3.42)

0.222

Consuming alcohol < 1 time a week (n = 21,505)

Smoking

140/4388 (3.2%)

830/17,117 (4.9%)

0.65 (0.54–0.78)

 < 0.001*

0.58 (0.47–0.70)

 < 0.001*

Obesity (BMI, kg/m2)

   

0.003*

 

0.004*

 < 18.5 (underweight)

52/4388 (1.2%)

303/17,117 (1.8%)

0.71 (0.52–0.95)

0.023*

0.71 (0.52–0.95)

0.024*

 ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal)

1522/4388 (34.7%)

6256/17,117 (36.6%)

1.00

 

1.00

 

 ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight)

1229/4388 (28.0%)

4782/17,117 (27.9%)

1.06 (0.97–1.15)

0.201

1.06 (0.97–1.15)

0.211

 ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I)

1427/4388 (32.5%)

5212/17,117 (30.5%)

1.13 (1.04–1.22)

0.004*

1.12 (1.03–1.22)

0.006*

 ≥ 30 (obese II)

158/4388 (3.6%)

564/17,117 (3.3%)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

0.135

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

0.136

Consuming alcohol ≥ 1 time a week (n = 3380)

Smoking

133/589 (22.6%)

788/2791 (28.2%)

0.74 (0.60–0.92)

0.005*

0.68 (0.54–0.85)

 < 0.001*

Obesity (BMI, kg/m2)

   

0.005*

 

0.030*

 < 18.5 (underweight)

9/589 (1.5%)

47/2791 (1.7%)

1.15 (0.55–2.40)

0.709

1.17 (0.55–2.48)

0.682

 ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal)

140/589 (23.8%)

841/2791 (30.1%)

1.00

 

1.00

 

 ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight)

191/589 (32.4%)

826/2791 (29.6%)

1.39 (1.10–1.76)

0.007*

1.32 (1.03–1.68)

0.026*

 ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I)

216/589 (36.7%)

984/2791 (35.3%)

1.32 (1.05–1.66)

0.019*

1.24 (0.98–1.56)

0.078

 ≥ 30 (obese II)

33/589 (5.6%)

93/2791 (3.3%)

2.13 (1.38–3.30)

 < 0.001*

1.95 (1.25–3.05)

0.003*

Underweight (BMI < 18.5, n = 411)

Smoking

3/61 (4.9%)

41/350 (11.7%)

0.39 (0.12–1.30)

0.126

0.34 (0.09–1.28)

0.111

Alcohol consumption

9/61 (14.8%)

47/350 (13.4%)

1.12 (0.52–2.41)

0.781

1.56 (0.64–3.77)

0.327

Normal weight (BMI ≥ 18.5 to < 23, n = 8759)

Smoking

74/1662 (4.5%)

525/7097 (7.4%)

0.58 (0.46–0.75)

 < 0.001*

0.65 (0.49–0.85)

0.002*

Alcohol consumption

140/1662 (8.4%)

841/7097 (11.9%)

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

 < 0.001*

0.77 (0.63–0.94)

0.012*

Overweight (BMI ≥ 23 to < 25, n = 7028)

Smoking

76/1420 (5.4%)

485/5608 (8.7%)

0.60 (0.47–0.77)

 < 0.001*

0.52 (0.40–0.69)

 < 0.001*

Alcohol consumption

191/1420 (13.5%)

826/5608 (14.7%)

0.90 (0.76–1.07)

0.222

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.416

Obese I (BMI ≥ 25 to < 30, n = 7839)

Smoking

110/1643 (6.7%)

527/6196 (8.5%)

0.77 (0.62–0.96)

0.017*

0.71 (0.57–0.90)

0.004*

Alcohol consumption

216/1643 (13.2%)

984/6196 (15.9%)

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

0.006*

0.74 (0.62–0.89)

 < 0.001*

Obese II (BMI ≥ 30, n = 848)

Smoking

10/191 (5.2%)

40/657 (6.1%)

0.85 (0.42–1.74)

0.660

0.57 (0.25–1.27)

0.168

Alcohol consumption

33/191 (17.3%)

93/657 (14.2%)

1.27 (0.82–1.96)

0.286

1.09 (0.66–1.80)

0.749

  1. *Unconditional logistic regression analysis, Significance at P < 0.05.
  2. †Adjusted model for age, sex, income, region of residence, Charlson comorbidity index, obesity, smoking state (current smoker compared to nonsmoker or past smoker) and frequency of alcohol consumption (≥ 1 time a week compared to < 1 time a week).
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