Figure 2

Representation of the Amber Bioinclusions Gaps (ABGs) during the Cenozoic, including the Latest Amber Bioinclusions Gap, the newly defined Defaunation resin, and recalibration for the terms copal and amber. This graphic only contains the main bioinclusions gaps that imply periods of several millions of years; their limits are approximate in relation to the broad age estimates of the main fossiliferous ambers. Some ambers with ages poorly known and under debate (e.g., Sicilian amber), and some others with a virtual absence of bioinclusions, have not been represented. Only some representative copals dated with ¹⁴C are included here (see the Supplementary Information for the references on which the amber ages are based). Supplementary abbreviations: EECO = Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, EOT = Eocene–Oligocene Transition, MECO = Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, MMCO = Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, mPWP = mid-Pliocene warm period, OMB = Oligocene–Miocene Boundary, PETM = Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Produced using Adobe Photoshop (www.adobe.com).