Figure 1

Illustration of an efficient clustered random sampling design within a plot (2.75 m × 5.5 m). The plot was divided into eight subplots (grey zone) and there was a centroid (dark solid circle) in each subplot (1.375 m × 1.375 m), where three soil sampling points (+) were determined from random directions and distances from a centroid in each sampling region (grey area). The extent of an interpolation map was thus determined by the minimum and maximum values at horizontal and vertical axes, and each map can attain its extent less than or equivalent to a plot area.