Table 2 Average plasma GDF-15 levels according to diabetic retinopathy severity in patients with type 2 DM.

From: Relationship between plasma growth differentiation factor-15 levels and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes

 

Severity

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

Plasma GDF-15 (ng/L)†

Normal

1028 (948–1114)

1045 (959–1135)

1114 (1033–1199)

NPDR

1442 (1236–1683)

1556 (1324–1828)

1327 (1143–1538)

PDR

1603 (1268–2032)

1710 (1337–2193)

1445 (1161–1803)

p for trend

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.035

  1. The data are shown as means (95% CI). †Values were log-transformed prior to analyses.
  2. Model 1: adjusted by sex and age.
  3. Model 2: model 1 + adjusted by BMI, hs-CRP†, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.
  4. Model 3: model 2 + adjusted by plus HbA1c, diabetes duration†, AER†, eGFR, and use of insulin and OHAs.
  5. AER, albumin excretion rate; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents.
Back to article page