Table 4 Sociodemographic factors associated with positivity of hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in Malaysian adult population.

Characteristics	Crude OR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p	R²
Age category					9.51
35–45	1		1
45–54	1.6 (1.1, 2.2)	0.009*	1.6 (1.1, 2.3)	0.015*
55–64	2.0 (1.4, 2.9)	< 0.001*	1.9 (1.3, 2.9)	0.001*
> 65	3.4 (1.3, 8.8)	0.013*	2.7 (1.0, 7.4)	0.059
Gender
Female	1		1
Male	1.6 (1.2, 2.0)	0.001*	1.5 (1.2, 2.0)	0.003*
Ethnicity
Malay	1		1
Chinese	1.8 (1.3, 2.4)	< 0.001*	2.2 (1.6, 3.2)	< 0.001*
Indian	0.2 (0.1, 0.5)	< 0.001*	0.3 (0.1, 0.6)	0.001
Others	0.4 (0.1, 1.5)	0.17	0.4 (0.1, 1.8)	0.242
Bumiputera Sabah	4.1 (2.6, 6.6)	< 0.001*	4.7 (2.0, 11.2)	< 0.001*
Bumiputera Sarawak	2.3 (1.2, 4.3)	0.01*	2.1 (0.9, 5.2)	0.108
State
Johor (Ref)	1		1
Kedah	0.5 (0.2, 1.3)	0.186	0.8 (0.3, 2.0)	0.602
Kelantan	1.0 (0.4, 2.3	0.905	1.3 (0.5, 3.2)	0.603
Melaka	0.9 (0.2, 3.3)	0.86	1.0 (0.2, 3.9)	0.997
Negeri Sembilan	0.8 (0.3, 1.8)	0.534	1.0 (0.4, 2.5)	0.982
Pahang	1.4 (0.7, 2.9)	0.335	1.6 (0.8, 3.2)	0.232
Perak	1.0 (0.6, 2.0)	0.899	1.3 (0.7, 2.6)	0.389
Pulau Pinang	0.4 (0.1, 1.3)	0.14	0.4 (0.1, 1.4)	0.147
Sabah	2.6 (1.5, 4.5)	0.001*	1.1 (0.5, 2.7)	0.767
Sarawak	1.6 (0.9, 3.0)	0.118	1.4 (0.6, 3.0)	0.452
Selangor	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)	0.774	1.2 (0.7, 2.0)	0.629
Terengganu	2.3 (1.0, 5.1)	0.043*	3.0 (1.3, 6.9)	0.01*
WP Kuala Lumpur	1.2 (0.7, 2.1)	0.544	1.1 (0.6, 2.0)	0.71
History of immunisation
No (Ref)	1		1
Hepatitis A	0.8 (0.3, 1.8)	0.549	0.7 (0.3, 1.6)	0.394
Hepatitis B	0.7 (0.5, 1.1)	0.134	0.6 (0.4, 1.0)	0.041*
Hepatitis A and B	0.3 (0.1, 1.0)	0.056	0.3 (0.1, 1.0)	0.045*
History of surgery
No (Ref)	1		1
Yes	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.903	1.0 (0.7, 1.3)	0.862
History of blood transfusion
No (Ref)	1		1
Yes	1.2 (0.8, 1.9)	0.369	1.5 (0.9, 2.5)	0.133

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