Table 1 Estimated† mean values (95% confidence intervals) and adjusted† proportions (95% confidence intervals) of baseline characteristics of study participants according to CES-D score category.

From: Depressive symptoms and risk of liver-related mortality in individuals with hepatitis B virus infection: a cohort study

Characteristics

CES-D score category

p value

 < 16

 ≥ 16

Number

300,490

42,508

 

Age (years)

39.7 (39.7–39.7)

38.8 (38.7–38.9)

 < 0.001

Sex, male (%)

56.3 (56.1–56.5)

35.7 (35.3–36.2)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.3 (23.3–23.3)

23.4 (23.3–23.4)

 < 0.001

Current smoker (%)

21.6 (21.4–21.7)

27.7 (27.3–28.2)

 < 0.001

Alcohol intake (%)‡

23.1 (23.0–23.3)

29.8 (29.4–30.3)

 < 0.001

Health-enhancing physically active (%)

16.4 (16.3–16.5)

15.9 (15.6–16.3)

0.021

High education level (%)§

80.5 (80.4–80.6)

72.3 (71.9–72.7)

 < 0.001

Obesity (%)

28.0 (27.8–28.1)

29.0 (28.6–29.5)

 < 0.001

Diabetes (%)

4.2 (4.2–4.3)

4.9 (4.7–5.1)

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

11.7 (11.6–11.8)

12.7 (12.4–13.0)

 < 0.001

History of CVD (%)

1.21 (1.17–1.25)

1.75 (1.62–1.88)

 < 0.001

HBsAg positivity (%)

3.2 (3.1–3.2)

3.0 (2.8–3.2)

0.063

Family history of cancer (%)

26.8 (26.7–27.0)

27.1 (26.7–27.5)

0.251

Medication for liver disease (%)

1.4 (1.3–1.4)

1.9 (1.7–2.0)

 < 0.001

Liver cirrhosis (%)

0.03 (0.03–0.048)

0.03 (0.01–0.05)

0.898

Fatty liver (%)

28.4 (28.2–28.5)

29.4 (29.0–29.8)

 < 0.001

History of depression (%)

0.5 (0.5–0.5)

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

 < 0.001

Use of an antidepressant (%)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

1.6 (1.4–1.7)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

109.3 (109.2–109.3)

109.0 (108.9–109.2)

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70.0 (70.0–70.1)

70.0 (69.9–70.1)

0.838

Glucose (mg/dL)

95.2 (95.2–95.3)

95.6 (95.5–95.8)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

193.7 (193.6–193.8)

193.7 (193.4–194.1)

0.971

LDL-C (mg/dL)

120.5 (120.4–120.6)

120.0 (119.7–120.3)

0.002

HDL-C (mg/dL)

58.9 (58.8–58.9)

58.9 (58.8–59.0)

0.865

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

110.4 (110.1–110.6)

112.9 (112.2–113.6)

 < 0.001

Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

22.3 (22.3–22.4)

22.6 (22.5–22.8)

0.001

Aalanine aminotransferase (U/L)

23.6 (23.5–23.6)

24.0 (23.7–24.2)

0.055

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)

30.9 (30.7–31.0)

33.1 (32.7–33.4)

 < 0.001

Fibrosis-4 score

0.820 (0.819–0.821)

0.822 (0.819–0.826)

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.47 (1.46–1.47)

1.52 (1.51–1.54)

 < 0.001

Total calorie intake (kcal/day)††

1085 (1082–1089)

1125 (1117–1134)

 < 0.001

  1. CVD Cardiovascular disease, HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CES-D center for epidemiologic studies-depression.
  2. †Adjusted for age and sex.
  3. ‡ ≥ 20 g of ethanol per day; § ≥ college graduate.
  4. Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2.
  5. ††Among 237,504 participants with a plausible estimated energy intake level (within three standard deviations of the log-transformed mean energy intake).
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