Table 1 Quality assessment for 25 non-randomized control trial studies using the Risk of Bias In Non-Randomised Studies—of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.
Confounders | Selection of patients | Classification of interventions | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PG with DTR | ||||||||
Ko et al. (2019)32 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Nomura et al. (2019)22 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | No information | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Cho et al. (2018)33 | Low | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Furukawa et al. (2018)21 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Park et al. (2018)34 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Sugiyama et al. (2018)35 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Jung et al. (2017)36 | Low | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Kim and Kim (2016)37 | Low | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
2. PG with Non-DTR | ||||||||
Asaoka et al. (2019)38 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Zhou et al. (2019)39 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Ushimaru et al. (2018)40 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Nishigori et al. (2017)41 | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Hosoda et al. (2016)42 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Huh et al. (2015)43 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Kosuga et al. (2015)16 | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Ohashi et al. (2015)44 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Isobe et al. (2014)23 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Masuzawa et al. (2014)45 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Son et al. (2014)46 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | No information | Low | Serious | Serious |
Ahn et al. (2013)47 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
Nozaki et al. (2013)48 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Namikawa et al. (2012)49 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low |
An et al. (2008)50 | Moderate | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kitano et al. (2007)51 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Kondoh et al. (2007)52 | Low | Low | Low | No information | Low | Low | Low | Low |
