Table 1 Emerging biomedical applications of laser GNS heating.

Diagnostic assays^49,50

30–100 nm GNS

CW, 532 nm

Cryopreserved biomaterial

Re-warming^35,51

1064 nm resonance GNR

ms pulsed, 1064 nm

Controlled drug release^52,53

2–5 nm GNS

250 or 514 nm

25 nm GNR

656 or 808 nm

44–60 nm nanostars

803 or 850 nm

Tissue stimulation⁵⁴

Cardiac, 200 nm GNS

ps pulsed, 532 nm

Neuron, 750–810 nm GNR

CW, 780 nm and pulsed 800 nm

Skin, 8–10 nm GNS

CW, 532 nm

Antibacterial biofilm treatment^55,56,57

10–15, 40 nm GNS

CW, 665 nm and ns pulsed and 420–570 nm

785 nm resonance GNR

CW, 785 nm

Selective virus inactivation⁵⁸

805 nm resonance GNR

fs pulsed, 805 nm

Selective protein inactivation⁵⁹

15, 30 nm GNS

ns pulsed, 532 nm