Table 2 Comparison of biomarkers, risk factors, and imaging findings for small vessel and large artery atherosclerosis vs cardioembolic strokes.
From: Associating cryptogenic ischemic stroke in the young with cardiovascular risk factor phenotypes
Variable | Small vessel and LAA n = 133 | Cardioembolic n = 69 | χ2 or t-test analysis *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001 ****p < 0.0001 |
|---|---|---|---|
Median age (years) [IQR] | 47 [44–48] | 41 [32–46] | **** |
Female n (%) | 46 (34.6) | 44 (63.7) | **** |
Black n (%) | 55 (41.4) | 28 (43.1) | ns |
Non-Hispanic white n (%) | 13 (9.8) | 3 (4.5) | ns |
Clinical variables | |||
Body mass index (mean kg/m2 ± SD) | 31.90 ± 6.74 | 31.72 ± 8.20 | ns |
Hypertension (%) | 76.6 | 55.9 | ** |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 53.1 | 23.5 | **** |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 0.77 | 18.8 | **** |
Ischemic stroke Hx (%) | 23.3 | 17.4 | ns |
Congestive heart failure Hx (%) | 3.88 | 26.1 | **** |
Rheumatic heart disease Hx (%) | 0.78 | 10.1 | ** |
Myocardial infarction Hx (%) | 3.88 | 7.3 | ns |
Clotting Hx (%) | 1.55 | 10.1 | ** |
Prior transient ischemic attack (%) | 11.4 | 8.7 | ns |
History of HIV | 4.6 | 5.8 | ns |
Family Hx of stroke (%) | 23.4 | 12.9 | ns (p < 0.1) |
Current tobacco use (%) | 29.5 | 23.5 | ns |
History of tobacco use (mean pack-years ± SD) | 22.2 ± 12.7 | 7.66 ± 9.00 | **** |
Current cocaine use (%) | 5.6 | 4.4 | ns |
Systolic blood pressure (mean mmHg ± SD) | 165.1 ± 34.5 | 133.9 ± 23.6 | **** |
Diastolic blood pressure (mean mmHg ± SD) | 94.1 ± 18.1 | 86.10 ± 19.4 | * |
Imaging variables | |||
Carotid atherosclerosis (%) | 7.26 | 3.4 | ns |
Intracranial atherosclerosis (%) | 43.8 | 20.7 | ** |
Left atrial size (mean cm ± SD) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | **** |
Left ventricular hypertrophy (%) | 26.7 | 45.9 | * |
Ejection fraction (mean % ± SD) | 62.88 ± 6.83 | 43.06 ± 18.54 | **** |
Patent foramen ovale (%) | 10.7 | 14.0 | ns |
Laboratory variables | |||
Admission glucose (mean mg/dL ± SD) | 194.3 ± 104.8 | 130.6 ± 56.8 | **** |
Hemoglobin A1c (mean % ± SD) | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 6.7 ± 2.6 | ** |
Anti-phospholipid antibodies (%) | 0.00 | 12.0 | * |
Genetic hypercoagulability (%) | 3.85 | 5.6 | ns |
Troponin T (mean ng/mL ± SD | 0.010 ± 0.035 | 0.060 ± 0.169 | ** |
Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (mean pg/mL ± SD) | 480.1 ± 827.3 | 7885.4 ± 11,052.2 | * |
Triglycerides (mean mg/dL ± SD) | 183.7 ± 163.7 | 105.9 ± 56.4 | *** |
Low-density lipoprotein (mean mg/dL ± SD) | 119.50 ± 49.41 | 93.29 ± 38.27 | *** |
High-density lipoprotein (mean mg/dL ± SD) | 42.56 ± 13.99 | 41.44 ± 15.35 | ns |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mean mm/h ± SD) | 31.82 ± 34.98 | 24.80 ± 20.83 | ns |
C-Reactive protein (mean mg/L ± SD) | 1.75 ± 3.36 | 0.48 ± 0.32 | ns |
