Table 2 Value of constants used in model simulation.

Chilo partellus reference fractional parasitism rate*

0.3

Mailafiya et al.^29,30

Busseola fusca reference fractional parasitism rate*

0.25

Mailafiya et al.^29,30

Sesamia calamistis reference fractional parasitism rate*

0.28

Mailafiya et al. ^29,30

Spodoperta frugiperda reference fractional parasitism rate*

0.22

Sisay et al.^28,32

Chilo partellus reference fraction growth rate

0.83

Kroschel et al.⁵⁸

Busseola fusca reference fraction growth rate

0.8

Kroschel et al.⁵⁸

Sesamia calamistis reference fraction growth rate

0.8

Kroschel et al.⁵⁸

Spodoptera frugiperda reference fraction growth rate

0.7

Prasanna et al.⁵⁹

Reference fractional parasitism rate in wild habitat during non-cropping seasons

0.05

5% was considered for each species

Carrying capacity of 1 ha of maize field

62,500

(0.4 × 0.8 m²) = 31250 plts/ha × 2/plt

Carrying capacity of 1 ha in non-cropping seasons

625

10%

Maize cropping seasons of a year (April–June and October–December)

3-month of 2 seasons

Sokame et al.⁶⁰

Non-cropping seasons periods of a year (January–March and July–September)

3-month of 2 seasons

Sokame et al.⁶⁰

Number of parasitoids per host

5

Since there are gregarious and solitary parasitoids, the average is settled at 5

Reference pest density

2/0.5

2/plant in maize field and 0.5/plant in wild habitat and same for all pest species

Host-parasitoid meeting probability

3.5%

Same for all pest species

Parasitoid fractional decrease rate

0.7

Same for all pest species

Parasitoid sex ratio

0.46

Obonyo (Pers. Obs.)

Time step

0.25 month

Weekly recording data

Period of the simulation

24 months

The time to get the stability of the model