Figure 3

A 33-year-old woman with HR-HER− invasive ductal carcinoma. After 8 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC, 4 cycles of anthracycline/cyclophosphamide followed by 4 cycles of paclitaxel/cisplatin), this patient received breast-conserving surgery. No residual tumour was found in the surgical specimen. a Pre-NAC magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an irregular enhancing mass in the left breast. b After NAC completion, the early post-contrast T1-weighted image displayed no enhancing lesion around the signal void of an inserted marker clip. d In the late phase, a 1-cm-sized enhancing lesion was observed at the original tumour site (arrow). c,e are magnified subtraction images of each phase. Lesion-to-background signal enhancement ratios (SERs) were 1.3 in the early phase and 1.7 in the late phase. The presurgical core needle biopsy was diagnostic of a fibroadenoma. According to our definitions of pathological complete response and the preliminary criteria, the MRI findings according to the criteria early size and early SER were true negatives, whereas late size and late SER were false positives.