Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to smoking status among men.

From: Smoking, urinary cotinine levels and incidence of visual impairment

Characteristics

Overall

Smoking status

P for trend

Never smoker

Former smoker

Current smoker

Number

161,808

44,934

58,003

58,871

 

Age (years)a

38.5 (7.9)

35.7 (7.3)

40.3 (8.5)

38.9 (7.0)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 (3.0)

24.4 (3.1)

24.6 (2.9)

24.8 (3.1)

 < 0.001

Obesity (%)

40.7

37.0

40.8

43.4

 < 0.001

Alcohol intake (%)c

35.7

22.0

34.3

47.5

 < 0.001

Physically active (%)d

17.4

17.0

19.5

15.6

 < 0.001

High education level (%)e

89.0

93.0

88.4

86.3

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

14.4

11.6

16.7

14.3

 < 0.001

Diabetes (%)

4.6

2.6

5.3

5.4

 < 0.001

Medication for dyslipidemia (%)

2.5

1.5

3.4

2.3

 < 0.001

History of CVD (%)

1.1

0.6

1.5

1.0

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)a

114.8 (11.4)

114.4 (11.1)

115.4 (11.5)

114.6 (11.6)

0.683

Diastolic BP (mmHg)a

73.7 (9.3)

72.8 (9.1)

74.4 (9.3)

73.8 (9.5)

 < 0.001

Glucose (mg/dl)a

97.4 (15.4)

95.2 (13.0)

98.1 (15.1)

98.3 (17.1)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)a

198.9 (34.4)

195.4 (33.3)

200.2 (34.7)

200.4 (34.9)

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dl)a

128.4 (31.6)

127.0 (31.0)

129.3 (31.7)

128.6 (32.0)

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dl)a

53.2 (13.0)

54.5 (13.0)

53.8 (13.0)

51.6 (12.8)

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)b

112 (80–163)

97 (70–139)

111 (79–159)

128 (89–184)

 < 0.001

ALT (U/l)b

24 (17–35)

23 (17–34)

24 (17–35)

25 (18–36)

 < 0.001

GGT (U/l)b

30 (20–48)

25 (18–38)

30 (20–47)

35 (23–58)

 < 0.001

HOMA-IRb

1.31 (0.86–1.97)

1.31 (0.87–1.95)

1.31 (0.86–1.97)

1.32 (0.86–1.99)

0.135

hsCRP (mg/l)b

0.5 (0.3–1.0)

0.5 (0.3–1.0)

0.5 (0.3–1.0)

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

 < 0.001

Total energy intakeb,f

1631.6 (1291.1–2035.5)

1588.6 (1241.5–2001.6)

1640.9 (1310.4–2029.8)

1655.9 (1311.7–2068.3)

 < 0.001

Cotinine levelb,g

34 (34–439)

34 (34–34)

34 (34–34)

830 (292–1457)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as ameans (standard deviation), bmedians (interquartile range), or percentages.
  2. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HEPA health-enhancing physically active, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
  3. c≥ 20 g of ethanol per day; d≥ health enhancing physically active; e≥ College graduate.
  4. fAmong 113,085 men with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within three standard deviations from the log-transformed mean energy intake).
  5. gAmong 115,228 men with available cotinine level.
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