Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to smoking status among women.

From: Smoking, urinary cotinine levels and incidence of visual impairment

Characteristics

Overall

Smoking status

P for trend

Never smoker

Former smoker

Current smoker

Number

117,261

105,914

8691

2656

 

Age (years)a

36.6 (7.8)

36.6 (7.8)

36.8 (7.1)

36.2 (7.5)

0.350

BMI (kg/m2)

21.6 (3.1)

21.6 (3.0)

21.8 (3.2)

21.9 (3.4)

 < 0.001

Obesity (%)

12.0

11.8

13.7

15.8

 < 0.001

Alcohol intake (%)c

6.8

5.7

13.3

28.6

 < 0.001

Physically active (%)d

13.0

12.7

14.6

15.4

 < 0.001

High education level (%)e

79.1

79.7

75.4

66.9

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

3.8

3.8

4.0

3.8

0.399

Diabetes (%)

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.8

0.077

Medication for dyslipidemia (%)

1.2

1.2

0.8

0.9

0.002

History of CVD (%)

0.5

0.5

0.8

1.1

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)a

101.8 (11.0)

101.7 (11.0)

102.3 (11.4)

101.8 (10.5)

0.002

Diastolic BP (mmHg)a

65.0 (8.2)

65.0 (8.2)

65.3 (8.4)

65.2 (8.2)

0.001

Glucose (mg/dl)a

91.0 (10.6)

91.0 (10.5)

91.4 (10.4)

92.0 (13.2)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)a

185.7 (32.0)

185.7 (31.9)

186.3 (32.1)

186.0 (32.1)

0.135

LDL-C (mg/dl)a

109.3 (29.1)

109.5 (29.1)

108.2 (29.3)

107.2 (30.0)

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dl)a

66.4 (15.1)

66.3 (15.1)

66.6 (15.2)

66.8 (16.5)

0.029

Triglycerides (mg/dl)b

69 (54–94)

69 (53–93)

70 (54–95)

77 (58–107)

 < 0.001

ALT (U/l)b

13 (10–17)

13 (10–17)

13 (10–17)

13 (10–18)

 < 0.001

GGT (U/l)b

13 (10–17)

13 (10–17)

13 (11–18)

15 (12–22)

 < 0.001

HOMA-IRb

1.10 (0.74–1.61)

1.11 (0.74–1.61)

1.05 (0.70–1.55)

1.06 (0.71–1.62)

 < 0.001

hsCRP (mg/l)b

0.3 (0.2–0.7)

0.3 (0.2–0.7)

0.3 (0.2–0.7)

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

0.480

Total energy intakeb,f

1349.1 (990.3–1739.1)

1345.1 (985.5–1731.4)

1422.8 (1065.4–1838.6)

1285.4 (936.2–1674.2)

 < 0.001

Cotinine levelb,g

34 (34–34)

34 (34–34)

34 (34–34)

524 (116–1086)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as ameans (standard deviation), bmedians (interquartile range), or percentages.
  2. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HEPA health-enhancing physically active, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
  3. c≥ 20 g of ethanol per day; d≥ health enhancing physically active; e≥ College graduate.
  4. fAmong 84,711 women with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within three standard deviations from the log-transformed mean energy intake).
  5. gAmong 83,054 women with available cotinine level.
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