Table 2 Baseline characteristics based on period of admission quintiles and left ventricular ejection fraction group.

From: Mortality trends in an ambulatory multidisciplinary heart failure unit from 2001 to 2018

 

Depressed LVEF (n = 2004)

Preserved LVEF (n = 364)

Quintile 1 (n = 423)

Quintile 2 (n = 412)

Quintile 3 (n = 417)

Quintile 4 (n = 385)

Quintile 5 (n = 367)

P for trend

Quintile 1 (n = 50)

Quintile 2 (n = 62)

Quintile 3 (n = 57)

Quintile 4 (n = 89)

Quintile 5 (n = 106)

P for trend

Age, years

65.5 ± 11.1

66.9 ± 12.6

66.3 ± 13.0

66.3 ± 12.7

64.5 ± 13.0

0.25

70.9 ± 9.9

70.5 ± 13.9

68.9 ± 16.1

72.4 ± 13.1

64.9 ± 16.0

0.03

Male

324 (76.6)

309 (75.0)

325 (77.9)

275 (71.4)

272 (74.1)

0.22

33 (66.0)

39 (62.9)

33 (57.9)

43 (48.3)

40 (37.7)

 < 0.001

Caucasian

421 (99.5)

405 (98.3)

398 (95.4)

369 (95.8)

348 (94.8)

 < 0.001

50 (100)

62 (100)

56 (98.2)

87 (97.8)

102 (96.2)

 < 0.05

Aetiology

     

 < 0.001

     

 < 0.001

Ischaemic HD

271 (64.1)

245 (59.5)

229 (54.9)

185 (48.1)

154 (42.0)

 

11 (22.0)

12 (19.4)

7 (12.3)

13 (14.6)

14 (13.2)

 

Dilated CM

49 (11.6)

38 (9.2)

76 (18.2)

73 (19.0)

98 (26.7)

 

1 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (3.5)

4 (4.5)

4 (3.8)

 

Hypertensive CM

33 (7.8)

30 (7.3)

21 (5.0)

31 (8.1)

17 (4.6)

 

15 (30.0)

17 (27.4)

17 (29.8)

24 (27.0)

14 (13.2)

 

Alcohol CM

28 (6.6)

22 (5.3)

24 (5.8)

15 (3.9)

22 (6.0)

 

1 (2.0)

1 (1.6)

2 (3.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Drug-related CM

6 (1.4)

10 (2.4)

14 (3.4)

17 (4.4)

12 (3.3)

 

1 (2.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (1.8)

2 (2.2)

1 (0.9)

 

Valvular

17 (4.0)

39 (9.5)

23 (5.5)

30 (7.8)

21 (5.7)

 

16 (32.0)

23 (37.1)

14 (24.6)

20 (22.5)

12 (11.3)

 

Hypertrophic CM

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.3)

4 (1.1)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

5 (8.8)

17 (19.1)

43 (40.6)

 

Amyloidosis

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.1)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (7.0)

3 (3.4)

2 (1.9)

 

Other

19 (4.5)

28 (6.8)

29 (7.0)

33 (8.6)

35 (9.5)

 

5 (10.0)

7 (11.3)

5 (8.8)

6 (6.7)

16 (15.1)

 

HF duration, months

24 [2–54]

4 [1–36]

6 [2–42]

6 [2–28]

3 [1–19]

 < 0.001

14 [3–60]

20 [5–48]

14 [4–48]

7 [2–39]

23 [3–66]

0.99

NYHA class

     

 < 0.001

     

 < 0.001

I

17 (4.0)

33 (8.0)

12 (2.9)

9 (2.3)

48 (13.1)

 

1 (2.0)

3 (4.8)

5 (8.8)

8 (9.0)

30 (28.3)

 

II

216 (51.1)

254 (61.7)

327 (78.4)

287 (74.5)

272 (74.1)

 

19 (38.0)

34 (54.8)

32 (56.1)

44 (49.4)

49 (46.2)

 

III

175 (41.4)

121 (29.4)

77 (18.5)

87 (22.6)

47 (12.8)

 

27 (54.0)

23 (37.1)

20 (35.1)

36 (40.4)

27 (25.5)

 

IV

15 (3.5)

4 (1.0)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

 

3 (6.0)

2 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

 

LVEF, %

29.2 ± 9.4

29.3 ± 8.5

30.3 ± 8.1

31.7 ± 8.4

32.3 ± 8.4

 < 0.001

61.6 ± 8.6

61.3 ± 6.9

60.0 ± 7.8

62.7 ± 7.9

62.7 ± 7.8

0.14

LVEDD, mm*

62.2 ± 9.1

61.9 ± 8.3

61.8 ± 8.2

61.1 ± 7.8

61.1 ± 7.7

0.01

50.5 ± 7.3

49.5 ± 6.8

49.4 ± 8.1

49.1 ± 7.0

47.2 ± 5.8

0.03

LVESD, mm#

49.0 ± 10.5

49.7 ± 9.5

50.0 ± 9.4

49.9 ± 9.6

49.4 ± 9.1

0.52

32.9 ± 8.6

33.8 ± 6.8

34.1 ± 8.5

32.1 ± 7.6

31.0 ± 6.7

0.20

Δ LVEF at 1 year†

5.4 ± 11.0

7.8 ± 11.7

9.1 ± 11.4

10.5 ± 12.2

12.6 ± 12.4

0.001

 − 2.4 ± 14.5

0.6 ± 9.6

 − 0.6 ± 7.7

 − 0.2 ± 8.1

0.7 ± 9.8

0.21

Diabetes

177 (41.8)

169 (41.0)

164 (39.3)

191 (49.6)

166 (45.2)

0.05

21 (42.0)

27 (43.5)

24 (42.1)

45 (50.6)

35 (33.0)

0.36

Hypertension

234 (55.3)

243 (59.0)

264 (63.3)

272 (70.6)

245 (66.8)

 < 0.001

32 (64.0)

47 (75.8)

43 (75.4)

66 (74.2)

59 (55.7)

0.09

COPD

92 (21.7)

82 (19.9)

51 (12.2)

59 (15.3)

61(16.6)

0.01

9 (18.0)

14 (22.6)

8 (14.0)

13 (14.6)

17 (16.0)

0.41

Anaemia§,a

179 (42.3)

198 (48.3)

181 (43.4)

201 (52.6)

138 (37.7)

0.63

29 (58.0)

34 (54.8)

27 (47.4)

55 (62.5)

30 (28.3)

0.001

Renal insufficiency‡,b

160 (37.8)

161 (39.1)

169 (40.5)

212 (55.2)

148 (42.3)

0.001

22 (44.0)

28 (45.2)

32 (56.1)

65 (73.0)

38 (37.6)

0.86

AF/FT

55 (13.0)

70 (17.0)

98 (23.5)

75 (19.5)

62 (16.9)

0.07

28 (56.0)

29 (46.8)

25 (43.9)

38 (42.7)

31 (29.2)

0.002

Number of comorbidities

1.7 ± 1.1

1.8 ± 1.1

1.8 ± 1.1

2.1 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.2

 < 0.001

2.2 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 1.2

2.6 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.4

0.02

1-year death risk (MAGGIC score)

13 [8–22]

13 [9–23]

13 [8–19]

13 [9–21]

11 [8–18]

0.001

12 [7–19]

14 [8–23]

12 [7–21]

19 [8–27]

8 [4–18]

0.19

3-year death risk (MAGGIC score)

32 [21–49]

32 [23–49]

32 [21–43]

32 [23–46]

27 [19–40]

0.001

29 [19–43]

33 [21–49]

29 [18–46]

43 [21–56]

20 [11–40]

0.10

BMI, kg/m2¶

27 [24–31]

27 [24–30]

27 [24–29]

27 [24–30]

27 [24–30]

0.58

28 [24–33]

28 [25–33]

27 [24–31]

27 [24–31]

28 [25–31]

0.52

Obesity,c

122 (29.2)

98 (24.2)

93 (22.4))

97 (25.3)

99 (27.0)

0.57

19 (38.8)

21 (34.4)

16 (28.6)

24 (27.0)

33 (31.4)

0.30

NT-proBNP, ng/L¥

-

1675 [713–3709]

1752 [688–4609]

2085 [941–4858]

1595 [720–3630]

0.58

-

785 [233–2010]

1329 [444–3047]

1800 [680–4180]

1007 [254–3709]

0.21

Treatments

ACEI/ARB/ARNI

391 (92.4)

372 (90.3)

379 (90.9)

338 (87.8)

335 (91.3)

0.24

38 (76.0)

48 (77.4)

37 (64.9)

47 (52.8)

55 (51.9)

 < 0.001

ARNI

14 (3.3)

26 (6.3)

48 (11.5)

39 (10.1)

125 (34.1)

 < 0.001

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

5 (4.7)

0.010

Beta-blocker

351 (83.0)

377 (91.5)

392 (94.0)

368 (95.6)

354 (96.5)

 < 0.001

28 (56.0)

43 (69.4)

46 (80.7)

67 (75.3)

78 (73.6)

 < 0.05

MRA

247 (58.4)

244 (59.2)

267 (64.0)

295 (76.6)

313 (85.3)

 < 0.001

29 (58.0)

27 (43.5)

29 (50.9)

44 (49.4)

39 (36.8)

0.04

Loop diuretic

396 (93.6)

379 (92.0)

372 (89.2)

354 (91.9)

335 (91.3)

0.26

46 (92.0)

59 (95.2)

52 (91.2)

77 (86.5)

63 (59.4)

 < 0.001

Digoxin

195 (46.1)

194 (47.1)

157 (37.6)

147 (38.2)

96 (26.2)

 < 0.001

25 (50.0)

30 (48.4)

18 (31.6)

29 (32.6)

17 (16.0)

 < 0.001

Ivabradine

35 (8.3)

50 (12.1)

107 (25.7)

133 (34.5)

146 (39.8)

 < 0.001

1 (2.0)

1 (1.6)

3 (5.3)

5 (5.6)

6 (5.7)

0.15

CRT

35 (8.3)

39 (9.5)

61 (14.6)

61 (15.8)

49 (13.4)

0.001

1 (2.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (1.8)

4 (4.5)

3 (2.8)

0.47

ICD

59 (13.9)

61 (14.8)

81 (19.4)

71 (18.4)

62 (16.9)

0.09

1 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (5.3)

10 (11.2)

8 (7.5)

0.02

Cardiac TR

3 (0.7)

4 (1.0)

2 (0.5)

4 (1.0)

0

0.36

0

0

1 (1.8)

0

0

–

  1. Data are given as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or n (%).
  2. *n = 2119; #n = 2083; †n = 1506; §n = 2361; ‡n = 2345; n = 2350; ¥n = 1665.
  3. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF/FT, atrial fibrillation or flutter; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; CM, cardiomyopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cardiac TR, cardiac transplant; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; HD, heart disease; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAGGIC, Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.
  4. aAccording to World Health Organization criteria (< 13 g/dL in men and < 12 g/dL in women).
  5. bEstimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration equation) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
  6. cBody mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2.
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