Table 1 Summary of the required exergy for material and work streams.
From: Chemical enhanced oil recovery and the dilemma of more and cleaner energy
Material stream | Specific exergy (MJ/kg) | Work stream | Specific exergy |
|---|---|---|---|
Crude oil | 45.63 | Injection pump (\({\dot{Ex}}_{liquid}^{pr,pump})\) | \(\dot{Q}\Delta P/\eta \) (J/s) |
Gas (methane) | 52 | Artificial lift (\({\dot{Ex}}_{liq}^{th,lift})\) | [\(\dot{Q}\left({f}_{w}{\rho }_{w}+\left(1-{f}_{w}\right){\rho }_{o}\right)gh]/\eta \) (J/s) |
Produced water | 0.0 | Water treatment | 18 (kJ/kg) (5 kWh/m3)21 |
Heating of crude oil (\({\dot{Ex}}_{oil}^{heating})\) | \({\dot{m}}_{oil}{c}_{p}\Delta T\) (J/s) | ||
Transport of oil to refinery | 188 J/kg-km22 | ||
Other process | 20% (10%) of the total exergy for polymer/surfactant (water) | ||
Polymer manufacturing | 123,600 (kJ/kg) | ||
Surfactant manufacturing | 6200023 (kJ/kg) | ||
Water softening | 5024 (kJ/kg) |
