Table 4 Final multivariate models for fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

From: Dietary patterns, food groups and nutrients in Crohn’s disease: associations with gut and systemic inflammation

Outcome

Variable

Coefficient (95% CI)

Standard error

P-value

Fecal calprotectin

 > 100 μg/mg

Referencea

1.04 (− 0.40 to 3.20)

0.79

0.19

Leafy green vegetables/d

− 1.14 (− 2.64 to − 0.12)

0.58

< 0.01

Vitamin B2 intake

− 0.90 (− 2.48 to − 0.03)

0.54

0.09

C-reactive protein

 > 5 mg/L

Reference

1.95 (− 0.14 to 4.61)

1.17

0.10

Omega 6:3 ratio

− 0.37 (− 0.76 to − 0.10)

0.16

0.02

Sex

− 2.91 (− 6.20 to -0.68)

1.33

0.03

Pro-inflammatory cytokines (pg/ml)

TNF-α

Reference

− 0.46 (− 1.45 to 0.53)

0.487

0.35

Age

0.01 (− 1.92 × 10–3 to 0.01)

0.01

0.10

Body mass index

0.04 (3.15 × 10–3 to 0.08)

0.02

0.03

IFN-γ

Reference

1.17 (− 2.33 to 4.66)

1.72

0.50

Processed meat consumption

17.06 (9.83 to 24.29)

3.57

< 0.01

IL-4

Reference

4.71 × 10–3 (− 0.01 to 0.02)

0.01

0.40

Alcohol consumption

− 5.81 × 10–4 (− 9.89 × 10–4 to − 1.72 × 10–4)

2.30 × 10–4

0.01

Not taking anti-TNF

8.61 × 10–3 (− 3.95 × 10–4 to 0.02)

4.42 × 10–3

0.06

Iron intake

1.68 × 10–3 (8.03 × 10–4 to 2.55 × 10–3)

4.12 × 10–4

< 0.01

IL-6

Reference

0.02 (0.22 to 0.18)

0.10

0.85

Fiber intake

0.01 (1.69 × 10–3 to 0.02)

0.01

0.02

Weekly fish consumption

− 0.01 (− 0.03 to 2.90 × 10–3)

0.01

0.10

Omega-3 fatty acids

0.37 (0.18 to 0.55)

0.09

< 0.01

Poly-unsaturated fatty acids

− 0.02 (− 0.05 to 3.95 × 10–3)

0.01

0.10

IL-8

Reference

2.05 (− 0.41 to 4.51)

1.20

0.10

Alcohol consumption

− 0.09 (− 0.15 to − 0.02)

0.03

0.01

Beta-carotene intake

4.11 × 10–4 (1.74 × 10–5 to 8.05 × 10–4)

2.23 × 10–4

0.04

Fiber intake

0.09 (0.01 to 0.17)

0.04

0.03

Inadequate fruit pMDSb

1.89 (0.41 to 3.37)

0.72

0.01

Vitamin B3 Intake

0.07 (0.01 to 0.16)

0.04

0.07

IL-17A

Reference

1.80 (0.66 to 2.96)

0.57

 < 0.01

Inadequate fruit pMDSb

− 0.77 (− 0.15 to − 0.09)

0.34

0.03

Not taking anti-TNF medication

− 0.70 (− 1.30 to − 0.09)

0.30

0.03

Total pMDSb

0.21 (0.03 to 0.39)

0.09

0.03

Il-12/23 p40

Reference

− 86.31 (− 200.16 to 27.54)

55.96

0.13

Body mass index

7.26 (3.37 to 11.14)

1.91

 < 0.01

Energy adjusted DIIc

− 10.34 (− 20.07 to − 0.61)

4.78

0.04

Anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines

IL-10

Reference

0.11 (− 0.04 to 0.25)

0.01

0.14

Beta-carotene intake

1.06 × 10–4 (4.65 × 10–5 to 1.65 × 10–4)

3.20 × 10–5

< 0.01

IL-27

Reference

45.70 (− 135.52 to 226.91)

89.17

0.61

Leafy green vegetables/day

− 75.14 (− 123.18 to − 27.11)

23.6

< 0.01

Red meat/day

− 78.23 (− 135.11 to − 21.36)

27.99

< 0.01

Weight (kg)

1.06 (0.57 to 1.56)

0.24

< 0.01

  1. aReference groups of subjects refer to theoretical individuals where their observed value for all variables in the model is 0 for continuous variables. When sex is included in the model, the reference group is females.
  2. bModified Mediterranean Diet Score (pMDS), modified to exclude red wine consumption was calculated for each patient to determine how closely their overall dietary pattern resembled a Mediterranean diet.
  3. cDietary inflammatory index.
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