Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for the association of olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among Korean adults aged 40 and over, overall and stratified by sex.

From: The association between olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in middle-aged and older adults

CVD and its risk factors

Total (n = 20,016)

Male (n = 8587)

Female (n = 11,429)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted ORb (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI)

P value

Diabetes

1.08 (0.85–1.38)

0.527

1.06 (0.74–1.51)

0.761

1.09 (0.78–1.53)

0.598

Hypertension

1.05 (0.88–1.27)

0.588

1.15 (0.86–1.53)

0.347

0.98 (0.77–1.25)

0.894

CAD

1.68 (1.15–2.47)*

0.007

1.81 (1.05–3.14)*

0.034

1.56 (0.92–2.63)

0.099

Stroke

1.33 (0.88–2.00)

0.171

1.51 (0.86–2.66)

0.153

1.11 (0.61–2.01)

0.740

Obesity

0.80 (0.64–1.01)

0.050

0.77 (0.51–1.16)

0.214

0.83 (0.64–1.06)

0.137

Abdominal obesity

1.30 (1.03–1.63)*

0.024

1.16 (0.78–1.72)

0.459

1.39 (1.06–1.84)*

0.018

Hypertriglyceridemia

1.06 (0.88–1.27)

0.568

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

0.757

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

0.246

Low HDL

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

0.578

1.07 (0.80–1.42)

0.654

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

0.795

  1. CAD coronary artery disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. aMultivariable adjustment for age, sex, household income, educational level, smoking status, heavy drinking, sleep duration, lack of exercise, history of rhinosinusitis and rhinitis, as well as all variables shown in the table.
  3. bMultivariable adjustment for age, household income, educational level, smoking status, heavy drinking, sleep duration, lack of exercise, history of rhinosinusitis and rhinitis, as well as all variables shown in the table.
  4. *P < 0.05.
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