Table 4 Parameter estimates for annual and seasonal 50% utilization distribution (UD) variations for brown bears on Afognak and Sitkalidak islands, Alaska, USA, June–November 2017–2020. Refer to Table 1 for numbered model and parameter definitions. Numbers in bold represent significant values.

From: Variable intraspecific space use supports optimality in an apex predator

Season	Island	Top model	Variables	Estimate	Std. error	p-value
Annual	Afognak	RDH7	Intercept	7.49	39.30	0.849
			0–5	− 1.58	0.52	0.003
			6–20	1.70	0.52	0.002
			21–40	0.26	0.81	0.742
			41–60	0.62	0.37	0.101
			> 60	− 1.07	0.38	0.007
			Berry habitat	− 0.15	0.14	0.306
			Edge density	− 0.18	0.12	0.135
			Age	− 0.08	0.08	0.299
			Female	− 0.21	0.17	0.222
			Female with young	0.00	0.05	0.970
			Male	0.10	0.06	0.096
			Year	− 0.00	0.01	0.860
	Sitkalidak	TRVH1	Intercept	− 1.24	4.82	0.012
			Salmon stream	2.15	1.01	0.038
			Coast	8.05	1.20	< 0.001
			Age	7.27	8.29	0.384
			Female	− 6.75	4.16	0.871
			Female with young	− 4.34	4.17	0.304
			Male	2.43	4.77	< 0.001
			Year	6.19	2.38	0.012
Spring	Afognak	Sex and age	Intercept	0.50	0.03	< 0.001
			Age	0.03	0.08	0.667
			Female	− 0.09	0.04	0.040
			Female with young	− 0.07	0.04	0.093
			Male	0.15	0.03	< 0.001
	Sitkalidak	TRVH1	Intercept	− 170.93	41.18	0.002
			Salmon stream	0.29	0.10	0.016
			Coast	1.92	0.32	< 0.001
			Age	0.01	0.03	0.623
			Female	− 0.08	0.02	0.003
			Female with young	0.07	0.03	0.068
			Male	0.15	0.03	0.002
			Year	0.08	0.02	0.001
Summer	Afognak	RDH7	Intercept	22.57	38.18	0.556
			0–5	0.41	0.54	0.439
			6–20	− 0.51	0.53	0.336
			21–40	0.24	0.88	0.783
			41–60	0.29	0.34	0.387
			> 60	− 0.47	0.37	0.213
			Berry habitat	− 0.03	0.13	0.798
			Edge density	− 0.37	0.12	0.002
			age	0.05	0.08	0.536
			Female	− 0.08	0.04	0.048
			Female with young	− 0.00	0.03	0.822
			Male	0.06	0.04	0.126
			Year	− 0.01	0.01	0.568
	Sitkalidak	RDH5	Intercept	− 157.69	88.23	0.084
			Shannon’s diversity	0.38	0.11	0.002
			Age	0.06	0.11	0.579
			Female	− 0.02	0.04	0.527
			Female with young	0.02	0.06	0.646
			Male	0.10	0.06	0.128
			Year	0.07	0.04	0.083
Fall	Afognak	TRVH3	Intercept	102.14	49.26	0.044
			Elk RSF	− 0.35	0.09	< 0.001
			Female	− 0.13	0.04	0.003
			Female with young	0.01	0.04	0.806
			Male	0.22	0.04	< 0.001
			Age	− 0.06	0.09	0.447
			Year	− 0.05	0.02	0.045
	Sitkalidak	RDH7	Intercept	− 70.60	98.78	0.483
			Berry habitat	0.41	0.14	0.009
			Edge density	− 0.31	0.12	0.016
			Total patch area	0.56	0.14	0.001
			Age	0.14	0.11	0.222
			Female	− 0.03	0.04	0.445
			Female with young	− 0.12	0.06	0.062
			Male	0.21	0.09	0.032
			Year	0.03	0.04	0.480

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Table 4 Parameter estimates for annual and seasonal 50% utilization distribution (UD) variations for brown bears on Afognak and Sitkalidak islands, Alaska, USA, June–November 2017–2020. Refer to Table 1 for numbered model and parameter definitions. Numbers in bold represent significant values.

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