Figure 1

Home Advantage Mediated (HAM) model. The crowd presence influences how players, referees, and coaches feel (physiological and psychological factors), which in turn influences their performances, which are then acting as the determinants of the outcome. In the traditional framework⁴, the performances of players, referees, and coaches are incorporated in the outcome/HA. Here they are an independent factor, which mediates the influence of physiological and psychological factors (and consequently the influence of the crowd). The factors with the grey background (e.g., physiological, psychological, and coaches’ choices), and their relations indicated with empty white arrows, were not assessed directly in this study. For the sake of conciseness, we present the models including the fatigue (distance) factor in the Supporting Information (SI), Section 10.