Table 3 Dietary intakes of study participants across tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI scores.

From: Adherence to plant-based dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case–control study

	Tertiles of PDI				Tertiles of hPDI				Tertiles of uPDI
	T1 < 52	52 < T2 < 57	T3 > 57	P*	T1 < 51	51 < T2 < 56	T3 > 56	P*	T1 < 51	51 < T2 < 57	T3 > 57	P*
Nutrient items
Total Energy (Kcal day⁻¹)	2368 ± 54	2467 ± 60	2861 ± 55^ab	< 0.001	2765 ± 58	2572 ± 57	2368 ± 58^ab	< 0.001	2850 ± 54	2490 ± 56^a	2334 ± 57^a	< 0.001
Protein (g day⁻¹)	99 ± 2.5	99 ± 2.8	98 ± 2.7	0.98	99 ± 2.7	101 ± 2.6	97 ± 2.7	0.47	102 ± 2.6	97 ± 2.7	97 ± 2.7	0.34
Carbohydrate (g day⁻¹)	414 ± 3.3	418 ± 3.6	416 ± 3.5	0.63	415 ± 3.5	420 ± 3.3	412 ± 3.5	0.28	396 ± 3.2	420 ± 3.2^a	434 ± 3.3^ab	< 0.001
Fat (g day⁻¹)	65 ± 1.3	64 ± 1.4	65 ± 1.3	0.76	63 ± 1.3	63 ± 1.3	68 ± 1.3^ab	0.01	73 ± 1.2	63 ± 1.2^a	56 ± 1.2^ab	< 0.001
Dietary fiber (g day⁻¹)	23 ± 1.1	22 ± 1.2	24 ± 1.1	0.32	21 ± 1.2	24 ± 1.1	23 ± 1.1	0.10	23 ± 1.1	25 ± 1.1	22 ± 1.2	0.20
SFA (g day⁻¹)	20 ± 0.6	20 ± 0.7	19 ± 0.6	0.53	20 ± 0.6	19 ± 0.6	21 ± 0.6	0.53	23 ± 0.6	20 ± 0.6^a	18 ± 0.6^a	< 0.001
MUFA (g day⁻¹)	21 ± 0.5	21 ± 0.6	22 ± 0.5	0.55	20 ± 0.5	21 ± 0.5	22 ± 0.5^a	0.01	25 ± 0.4	20 ± 0.5^a	18 ± 0.5^ab	< 0.001
PUFA (g day⁻¹)	13 ± 0.3	13.3 ± 0.3	14.7 ± 0.3^ab	0.001	12.5 ± 0.3	13.3 ± 0.3	15.3 ± 0.3^ab	< 0.001	16.3 ± 0.2	12.9 ± 0.3^a	11.6 ± 0.3^ab	< 0.001
Cholesterol (g day⁻¹)	277 ± 9.3	227 ± 10.4^a	215 ± 9.8^a	< 0.001	277 ± 9.8	233 ± 9.5^a	214 ± 9.9^a	< 0.001	266 ± 9.8	234 ± 10^a	222 ± 10.2^a	0.008
Folic acid (µg day⁻¹)	350 ± 21	385 ± 24	380 ± 22	0.47	349 ± 22	391 ± 22	371 ± 23	0.39	386 ± 22	361 ± 23	363 ± 23	0.69
Vitamin B6 (mg day⁻¹)	2 ± 0.04	1.9 ± 0.05	1.9 ± 0.05	0.26	1.9 ± 0.05	1.9 ± 0.04	1.9 ± 0.05	0.87	2.1 ± 0.05	1.9 ± 0.05^a	1.7 ± 0.05^ab	< 0.001
Vitamin B12 (µg day⁻¹)	10.6 ± 0.8	6.1 ± 0.9^a	4.4 ± 0.8^a	< 0.001	10.4 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.8^a	5.1 ± 0.9^a	< 0.001	7.9 ± 0.9	7.0 ±	6.5 ± 0.9	0.60
Calcium (mg day⁻¹)	1099 ± 23	1085 ± 26	1108 ± 24	0.80	1092 ± 24	1090 ± 23	1113 ± 24	0.75	1168 ± 23	1094 ± 24	1026 ± 24^a	< 0.001
Magnesium (mg day⁻¹)	508 ± 9	506 ± 10	546 ± 9^ab	0.005	496 ± 9	527 ± 9	539 ± 9^a	0.006	546 ± 9	518 ± 9	495 ± 10^a	0.001
Potassium (mg day⁻¹)	4192 ± 85	4182 ± 94	4415 ± 89	0.13	4163 ± 89	4227 ± 86	4409 ± 89	0.14	4600 ± 85	4213 ± 86^a	3948 ± 88^a	< 0.001
Food groups (g day⁻¹)
Whole grains	76.4 ± 7.6	93.4 ± 8.3	90 ± 7.9	0.27	63.4 ± 7.9	87.4 ± 7.5	106.8 ± 7.8^a	0.001	106.3 ± 7.8	72.3 ± 7.8^a	77.8 ± 8.1^a	0.006
Fruits	306 ± 8.6	307 ± 9.5	387 ± 9^ab	< 0.001	305 ± 9.2	318 ± 8.9	381 ± 9.1^ab	< 0.001	388 ± 8.7	332 ± 8.7^a	279 ± 9^ab	< 0.001
Vegetables	233 ± 5.9	247 ± 6.5	293 ± 6.2^ab	< 0.001	239 ± 6.5	252 ± 6.2	282 ± 6.4^ab	< 0.001	294 ± 6	257 ± 6^a	219 ± 6.2^ab	< 0.001
Nuts	4.0 ± 0.3	4.2 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.3^a	0.01	4.4 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	5.5 ± 0.3^b	0.001	6.3 ± 0.3	4.0 ± 0.3^a	3.1 ± 0.3^ab	< 0.001
Legumes	37.5 ± 1.6	42.4 ± 1.8	50 ± 1.7^ab	< 0.001	36.2 ± 1.7	44.2 ± 1.6^a	49.3 ± 1.7^a	< 0.001	51.7 ± 1.6	44.3 ± 1.6^a	32.9 ± 1.6^ab	< 0.001
vegetable oils	7.6 ± 0.5	8.4 ± 0.5	10.5 ± 0.5^ab	< 0.001	7.1 ± 0.5	8.3 ± 0.5	11.2 ± 0.5^ab	< 0.001	11.4 ± 0.5	8.4 ± 0.5^a	6.5 ± 0.5^ab	< 0.001
Tea and coffee	605 ± 31	714 ± 34^a	777 ± 32^a	0.001	686 ± 33	716 ± 32	687 ± 33	0.75	724 ± 32	673 ± 32	691 ± 34	0.54
Refined grains	519 ± 14	503 ± 16	516 ± 15	0.74	552 ± 15	548 ± 14	438 ± 14^ab	< 0.001	436 ± 14	523 ± 14^a	588 ± 15^ab	< 0.001
Sugar-sweetened beverages	68.3 ± 4.6	66.2 ± 5.1	61 ± 4.8	0.55	89.7 ± 4.6	63.9 ± 4.4	42.3 ± 4.5	< 0.001	66.4 ± 4.8	65.1 ± 4.8	63.8 ± 5.0	0.93
Fruit juices	6.0 ± 1.0	9.5 ± 1.2	7.9 ± 1.3	0.09	12.2 ± 1.1	6.4 ± 1.0^a	4.5 ± 1.1^ab	< 0.001	4.6 ± 1.1	9.0 ± 1.1^a	9.7 ± 1.1^a	0.003
Potato	19.9 ± 1.4	18.3 ± 1.5	22.4 ± 1.4	0.24	24.6 ± 1.4	17.9 ± 1.4^a	19 ± 1.4^a	0.003	18.6 ± 1.4	20.9 ± 1.4	21.9 ± 1.5	0.29
Sweet/dessert	31.1 ± 1.3	34.5 ± 1.5	36.6 ± 1.4^a	0.02	37.9 ± 1.3	35.8 ± 1.3	28.3 ± 1.3^ab	< 0.001	30.3 ± 1.3	34.5 ± 1.3	37.6 ± 1.4^a	0.002
Animal fats	18.6 ± 1.2	15.1 ± 1.3	11.1 ± 1.3^a	< 0.001	20.5 ± 1.2	15.9 ± 1.2^a	8.6 ± 1.2^ab	< 0.001	11.8 ± 1.3	15.4 ± 1.3	18.1 ± .3^a	0.004
Dairy	376 ± 10	349 ± 11	353 ± 11	0.17	372 ± 11	346 ± 10	362 ± 11	0.22	402 ± 10	360 ± 10^a	313 ± 11^ab	< 0.001
Eggs	29.7 ± 1.4	24.2 ± 1.6^a	24.5 ± 1.5^a	0.01	31.3 ± 1.5	26.3 ± 1.4	21.4 ± 1.5^a	< 0.001	30.7 ± 1.5	24.7 ± 1.5^a	23.1 ± 1.5^a	0.002
Fish/seafood	17.1 ± 1.0	11.6 ± 1.1^a	9.7 ± 1.1^a	< 0.001	15.2 ± 1.1	12.5 ± 1.0	11.3 ± 1.1^a	0.04	15.7 ± 1.0	14 ± 1.0	8.9 ± 1.1^ab	< 0.001
Meats	67.2 ± 2.2	63.7 ± 2.5	58.1 ± 2.3^a	0.02	70.8 ± 2.3	62.1 ± 2.2^a	56.5 ± 2.3^a	< 0.001	67.5 ± 2.3	61.6 ± 2.3	59.6 ± 2.4	0.06
Miscellaneous animal-based foods	7.5 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.6^a	3.8 ± 0.6^a	< 0.001	7.9 ± 0.6	4.6 ± 0.5^a	3.4 ± 0.6^a	< 0.001	6.4 ± 0.6	5.3 ± 0.6	4.1 ± 0.6^a	0.03

PDI overall plant-based diet index, hPDI healthy plant-based diet index, uPDI unhealthy plant-based diet index, SFA saturated fatty acid, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid.
Data are presented as mean ± SE.
*All values, except energy intake, were adjusted for energy intake using ANCOVA with Bonferroni correction.
^aSignificant compared with T1.
^bSignificant compared with T2.

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Table 3 Dietary intakes of study participants across tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI scores.

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