Table 3 Metabolic pathways differentially expressed accross lactation stages (21 vs. 180 days in milk; DIM) or by genetic strains (North American Holstein vs. New Zealand Holstein; NAH vs. NAZ) at 21 days in milk. Total compounds, hits and pathway impacts are presented along with P-statistics.
Metabolic pathways | Total comp1 | Hits\(^2\) | raw-P\(^3\) | FDR\(^3\) | Impact\(^4\) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. 21 vs. 180 DIM | ||||||
AA and protein | Phenylalanine metabolism | 12 | 6 | 4.3E-08 | 7.6E-07 | 0.60 |
AA and protein | Arginine biosynthesis | 14 | 8 | 4.6E-08 | 7.6E-07 | 0.41 |
AA and protein | Arginine and proline metabolism | 38 | 6 | 5.2E-08 | 7.6E-07 | 0.36 |
AA and protein | Tyrosine metabolism | 42 | 4 | 1.1E-07 | 1.3E-06 | 0.16 |
AA and protein | Histidine metabolism | 16 | 3 | 3.1E-07 | 3.0E-06 | 0.22 |
AA and protein | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | 28 | 11 | 8.7E-07 | 7.2E-06 | 0.67 |
AA and protein | \(\beta \)-Alanine metabolism | 21 | 5 | 1.3E-06 | 9.1E-06 | 0.50 |
AA and protein | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | 34 | 8 | 3.9E-06 | 1.9E-05 | 0.52 |
AA and protein | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 33 | 8 | 4.6E-06 | 1.9E-05 | 0.50 |
AA and protein | Tryptophan metabolism | 41 | 4 | 4.9E-06 | 1.9E-05 | 0.25 |
AA and protein | Lysine degradation | 25 | 3 | 5.6E-06 | 2.0E-05 | 0.14 |
AA and protein | Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | 4 | 2 | 9.3E-06 | 2.8E-05 | 1.00 |
AA and protein | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | 48 | 19 | 9.5E-06 | 2.8E-05 | 0.17 |
AA and protein | Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism | 8 | 1 | 2.0E-05 | 5.0E-05 | 0.00 |
AA and protein | Thiamine metabolism | 7 | 1 | 2.0E-05 | 5.0E-05 | 0.00 |
AA and protein | D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism | 5 | 3 | 4.4E-05 | 9.2E-05 | 1.00 |
AA and protein | Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | 8 | 6 | 9.2E-04 | 1.5E-03 | 0.00 |
AA and protein | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | 40 | 4 | 6.4E-03 | 9.3E-03 | 0.01 |
AA and protein | Nitrogen metabolism | 6 | 2 | 6.6E-03 | 9.4E-03 | 0.00 |
Carbohydrates | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | 32 | 9 | 4.5E-06 | 1.9E-05 | 0.28 |
Carbohydrates | Fructose and mannose metabolism | 20 | 2 | 1.3E-04 | 2.4E-04 | 0.03 |
Carbohydrates | Galactose metabolism | 27 | 10 | 1.7E-04 | 3.1E-04 | 0.29 |
Carbohydrates | Pentose and glucuronate interconversions | 18 | 6 | 4.0E-04 | 7.0E-04 | 0.50 |
Carbohydrates | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 37 | 5 | 5.0E-03 | 7.5E-03 | 0.11 |
Energy central | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | 20 | 7 | 8.4E-06 | 2.7E-05 | 0.35 |
Energy central | Propanoate metabolism | 23 | 4 | 3.8E-05 | 8.1E-05 | 0.04 |
Energy central | Butanoate metabolism | 15 | 6 | 9.8E-05 | 1.9E-04 | 0.03 |
Energy central | Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | 9 | 1 | 4.2E-04 | 7.2E-04 | 0.00 |
Energy central | Biotin metabolism | 10 | 1 | 7.4E-04 | 1.2E-03 | 0.00 |
Energy central | Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis | 26 | 1 | 1.7E-02 | 2.4E-02 | 0.10 |
Energy central | Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies | 5 | 1 | 2.1E-02 | 2.9E-02 | 0.00 |
Energy central | Pentose phosphate pathway | 22 | 3 | 3.2E-02 | 4.1E-02 | 0.05 |
Heme biosynthesis | Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism | 30 | 2 | 2.3E-03 | 3.5E-03 | 0.00 |
Lipid | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 47 | 4 | 2.5E-06 | 1.6E-05 | 0.01 |
Lipid | Arachidonic acid metabolism | 37 | 1 | 3.1E-06 | 1.8E-05 | 0.32 |
Lipid | Fatty acid elongation | 39 | 1 | 4.1E-06 | 1.9E-05 | 0.00 |
Lipid | Linoleic acid metabolism | 5 | 1 | 1.4E-05 | 3.9E-05 | 1.00 |
Lipid | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | 36 | 6 | 2.1E-05 | 5.0E-05 | 0.00 |
Lipid | Fatty acid degradation | 39 | 2 | 2.2E-05 | 5.2E-05 | 0.00 |
Lipid | Primary bile acid biosynthesis | 46 | 3 | 4.8E-05 | 9.5E-05 | 0.06 |
Lipid | Glycerolipid metabolism | 16 | 2 | 1.5E-03 | 2.4E-03 | 0.33 |
Lipid | Inositol phosphate metabolism | 30 | 4 | 3.3E-02 | 4.2E-02 | 0.16 |
Nitrogenous bases | Purine metabolism | 66 | 4 | 3.3E-05 | 7.3E-05 | 0.02 |
Redox | Glutathione metabolism | 28 | 5 | 1.0E-08 | 5.8E-07 | 0.12 |
Redox | Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | 10 | 4 | 2.2E-02 | 2.9E-02 | 0.50 |
Vitamins and coenzymes | Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | 19 | 7 | 6.0E-06 | 2.0E-05 | 0.06 |
Lipid | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | 75 | 1 | 5.8E-02 | 7.2E-02 | 0.01 |
Anitbiotic biosynthesis | Neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis | 2 | 2 | 6.9E-02 | 8.3E-02 | 0.00 |
b. NAH vs. NZH cows at early lactation (21 DIM) | ||||||
AA and protein | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | 40 | 4 | 6.8E-04 | 2.2E-02 | 0.01 |
AA and protein | Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | 8 | 6 | 7.7E-04 | 2.2E-02 | 0.00 |
AA and protein | Lysine degradation | 25 | 3 | 1.2E-03 | 2.2E-02 | 0.14 |
Redox | Selenocompound metabolism | 20 | 1 | 3.8E-03 | 5.5E-02 | 0.00 |
AA and protein | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | 48 | 19 | 6.0E-03 | 6.9E-02 | 0.17 |
