Table 2 Comparison of the characteristics of three urinary biomarkers.

From: Urinary concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were related to renal tubular dysfunction and neuropsychological complaints in Dry-zone of Sri Lanka

Biomarker

Creatinine

Cystatin-C

L-FABP

Molecular weight

113.1 g/mole

13 kDa, protein

14–15 kDa, protein

Origin, physiological

Skeletal muscle

Cell

Liver

Origin, pathological

  

Proximal tubules under ischemia and oxidative stress

Secretion in nephron

Glomerulus

Glomerulus

Glomerulus, pathological proximal tubules

Reabsorption in nephron

No

Proximal tubule

Normal proximal tubules

Reference value

Not determined

≦70 μg/g Cre

≦8.4 μg/g Cre

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