Figure 1

Experimental setup and scalp EEG and EMG data. EEG was recorded from 64-channels and EMG was obtained from the FDI and APB muscles of both the dominant and non-dominant hand. Participants initially performed three maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) on the non-dominant hand, before performing the force-tracing task in which participants were asked to maintain a steady force between the index and thumb corresponding to 10% of MVC. Visual feedback was provided as a real-time trace of the applied force (A and B). In (C) sensor EEG data and FDI EMG are presented from representative individuals from electrode C3 and C4 (located approximately above primary motor cortex) and the dominant and non-dominant hands. (D) Presents group-averaged sensor-level power spectral densities from the C3 and C4 EEG electrodes alongside the dominant and non-dominant FDI EMG. (E) Displays average coherence spectra from each of the four age groups. (F) Displays group-level density plots of the distribution of peak coherence frequency in the 5–45 Hz frequency range. The dashed vertical black lines in (D–F) mark the beta-band (15–30 Hz). Please note the common legend used for the plots in DEF. DOM = dominant hand; ND = non-dominant hand; FDI = First dorsal interosseous; APB = Abductor pollicis brevis.