Figure 1

Developmental stage dependent distribution of biomass and resource allocation in oak with biotic interactions. (a, b) Principal components analysis of the combined variables of sink and source leaves, stems, principal and lateral roots in mildew treatment (Ma) and in mildew and additional mycorrhizal fungal treatment (MaPc) during root flush (RF) and shoot flush (SF). Each symbol represents the total distribution of resources in an oak individual. Data points for each group are enclosed with a line, and red colour marks RF and blue colour marks SF. Based on a permutational multivariate analysis of variance, R-squared (R²) represents the proportion of the variance that's explained by growth stage, and asterisks indicate significant differences between the growth stages at the significance levels ***(P < 0.001); **(P < 0.01); *(P < 0.05); ns (not significant). (c–f) Extent of biomass, recently fixed carbon and nitrogen (excess of ¹³C and excess of ¹⁵N) to the organs of oak during root and shoot flush in oak microcuttings engaged in biotic interactions. For the purpose of simplicity, relative values are shown here, and absolute values are given in Supplementary Fig. S3. Only those plant organs are shown, where the extent of resources changed from root flush to shoot flush in controls. Different letters indicate a significant difference according to ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (P < 0.05). The boxplots include a line marking the median, middle box representing the middle 50% of scores for each treatment, as well as whiskers and dots representing the scores outside and strongly deviating from the middle 50% of the scores. Please refer to Supplementary Table S4 for the values of difference. Where no lettering is included, the treatments were not different to each other. DW, dry weight; ¹³C, allocation of C-13; ¹⁵N, allocation of N-15; RF, root flush; SF, shoot flush; Pc, Piloderma croceum, Ac, Streptomyces sp. AcH505; AcPc = Streptomyces sp. AcH505 and Piloderma croceum; Pp, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pq, Phytophthora quercina; Ma, Microsphaera alphitoides.