Table 2 Effects of brown seaweed extracts on pH, DM digestibility, and NH₃-N concentration in vitro incubation.

Parameters	CON	Treatments¹			SEM²	P value
Parameters	CON	UPIN	SFUS	SFUL	SEM²	P value
pH
6 h	6.96^b	7.04^a	7.03^a	7.05^a	0.01	0.001
12 h	6.58	6.60	6.66	6.65	0.03	0.189
24 h	6.26	6.28	6.24	6.31	0.03	0.410
36 h	6.07	6.08	6.08	6.17	0.03	0.134
48 h	5.99	5.97	5.96	5.98	0.02	0.927
DM digestibility (%)
6 h	28.96	27.24	27.12	28.70	1.07	0.506
12 h	39.75	38.65	35.60	40.85	1.25	0.059
24 h	48.50	48.28	50.65	49.00	1.22	0.554
36 h	57.12	56.80	55.20	56.45	0.94	0.527
48 h	58.64	58.36	59.72	59.28	0.92	0.721
NH₃-N concentration (mg∙dL⁻¹)
6 h	9.94	10.05	9.62	9.49	0.36	0.634
12 h	11.67^a	9.54^b	9.17^b	8.59^b	0.28	< 0.001
24 h	16.46^a	15.18^ab	13.18^c	14.36^bc	0.43	< 0.001
36 h	21.35^a	18.77^b	18.98^b	20.00^ab	0.41	0.002
48 h	24.77^a	24.27^a	21.79^b	22.25^b	0.50	< 0.001

CON Without seaweed extracts, UPIN Undaria pinnatifida, SFUS Sargassum fusiforme, SFUL Sargassum fulvellum, DM Dry matter, NH₃-N Ammonia nitrogen.
¹Data were analyzed using seaweed extracts dose amount: 0.25 mg-mL⁻¹.
²SEM, standard error of the mean.
^a,cMeans (n = 5) in a row followed by different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

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