Table 1 Study population characteristics of patients with Alzheimer's disease (cases) and controls.

From: Association of metformin use with Alzheimer’s disease in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a population-based nested case–control study

Variables

Cases (n = 1675)

Controls (n = 8375)

SMD

n (%)

n (%)

Age

 < 0.001

 < 75 years

1074 (64.1)

5370 (64.1)

 ≥ 75 years

601 (35.9)

3005 (35.9)

Women

944 (56.4)

4720 (56.4)

 < 0.001

Diabetes duration

0.002

 < 5 years

194 (11.6)

969 (11.6)

 5–10 years

906 (54.1)

4524 (54.0)

 ≥ 10 years

575 (34.3)

2882 (34.4)

BMI

0.095

 < 18.5 kg/m2

26 (1.6)

96 (1.1)

 18.5–22.9 kg/m2

406 (24.7)

1784 (21.3)

 23–25 kg/m2

416 (25.4)

2151 (25.7)

 ≥ 25 kg/m2

793 (48.3)

4344 (51.9)

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)a

134.10 ± 52.09

133.93 ± 49.55

0.003

BP (mmHg)a

 Systolic

133.36 ± 17.34

134.53 ± 17.48

0.068

 Diastolic

80.53 ± 10.63

80.85 ± 10.79

0.030

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a

203.33 ± 41.24

204.66 ± 41.73

0.032

Creatinine (mg/dL)a

0.99 ± 0.83

1.00 ± 0.86

0.009

Hypertension

1462 (89.1)

7200 (86.0)

0.094

Ischemic heart disease

534 (31.9)

2475 (29.6)

0.050

Dyslipidemia

1074 (64.1)

5419 (64.7)

0.012

CCI

0.050

 0

545 (32.5)

2920 (34.9)

 1

398 (23.8)

1900 (22.7)

 2

732 (43.7)

3555 (42.4)

aDCSI

0.102

 0

1427 (85.2)

7383 (88.2)

 1

188 (11.2)

687 (8.2)

 2

60 (3.6)

305 (3.6)

Depression

462 (27.6)

1395 (16.7)

0.266

Medication

 Statin

1119 (66.8)

5609 (67.0)

0.004

 Aspirin

1103 (65.9)

5449 (65.1)

0.017

 Antiplatelet

426 (25.4)

1584 (18.9)

0.157

 Anticoagulant

83 (5.0)

259 (3.1)

0.095

 Antihypertensive agents

1382 (82.5)

6671 (79.7)

0.073

 Antiarrhythmic agents

238 (14.2)

980 (11.7)

0.075

Antidiabetic medication

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

186 (11.1)

817 (9.8)

0.044

 DPP-IV inhibitors

606 (36.2)

2430 (29.0)

0.153

 Insulin

764 (45.6)

2890 (34.5)

0.228

 SGLT-2 inhibitors

17 (1.0)

93 (1.1)

0.009

 Sulfonylurea

1422 (84.9)

6905 (82.4)

0.006

 Thiazolidinedione

274 (16.4)

1392 (16.6)

0.007

Smoking

0.083

 None

1235 (73.7)

6318 (75.4)

 Past

156 ( 9.3)

874 (11.6)

 Current

284 (17.1)

1183 (14.1)

Alcohol use

0.068

 Low

1321 (78.9)

6755 (80.7)

 Moderate

238 (14.2)

1175 (14.0)

 Heavy

116 (6.9)

445 (5.3)

Physical activity

0.126

 Yes (≥ 1 time per week)

1060 (63.3)

5799 (69.2)

  1. BMI body max index, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, aDCSI adapted diabetes complication severity index, DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV, SGLT-2 Sodium glucose cotransporter 2, SMD Standardized mean difference.
  2. aMean and standard deviation (SD) of the continuous independent variables in this study.
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