Table 1 Brevetoxin concentrations (ng PbTx-3/mL) at each sampling point in rehabilitating loggerhead (Caretta caretta), Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtles that stranded during a red tide bloom event.
From: Use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy as a novel treatment for brevetoxicosis in sea turtles
Species | Time point (h) | Mean ± SD | Median | Range | N | # BDL | TD (%) | TPD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. caretta | 0 | 32.8 ± 20.3a | 35.5 | 1.6–64.6 | 9 | 0 | – | – |
1 | 26.7 ± 15.9ab | 26.0 | 1.2–52.2 | 8 | 0 | − 18.6% | − 18.6% | |
2 | 24.4 ± 14.4ab | 25.0 | < 1.0–46.1 | 9 | 1 | − 25.6% | − 8.6% | |
6 | 25.5 ± 16.9ab | 23.0 | < 1.0–61.5 | 9 | 1 | − 22.2% | 4.6% | |
24 | 18.9 ± 10.7bc | 21.5 | 1.3–38.0 | 9 | 0 | − 42.4% | − 26.0% | |
48 | 17.7 ± 10.6bc | 17.2 | < 1.0–31.3 | 8 | 1 | − 46.1% | − 6.4% | |
72 | 18.3 ± 12.6bc | 17.8 | < 1.0–44.1 | 8 | 1 | − 44.2% | 3.5% | |
168 | 9.2 ± 5.7c | 7.9 | < 1.0–18.9 | 8 | 1 | − 72.0% | − 49.8% | |
336 | 7.6 ± 7.9c | 3.9 | 3.0–21.6 | 5 | 0 | − 76.8% | − 17.1% | |
504 | 5.5 ± 4.8c | 3.5 | < 1.0–12.6 | 7 | 1 | − 83.3% | − 27.9% | |
505–599 | – | 3.3 | – | 1 | 0 | − 90.1% | − 40.8% | |
600–699 | – | 2.0 | – | 1 | 0 | − 93.9% | − 38.2% | |
800–899 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.8 | 1.5–2.1 | 2 | 0 | − 94.4% | − 9.0% | |
1000–1099 | – | 1.4 | – | 1 | 0 | − 95.8% | − 24.6% | |
1100–1199 | – | 1.5 | – | 1 | 0 | − 95.5% | 8.0% | |
1200–1299 | – | 1.2 | – | 1 | 0 | − 96.4% | − 20.1% | |
1400–1499 | – | 1.5 | – | 1 | 0 | − 95.5% | 25.2% | |
L. kempii | 0 | 41.2 ± 37.5a | 37.1 | 5.0–93.4 | 5 | 0 | – | – |
1 | 31.2 ± 26.3a | 31.7 | 7.0–72.5 | 5 | 0 | − 24.2% | − 24.2% | |
2 | 33.9 ± 35.4a | 15.1 | 5.1–45.3 | 5 | 0 | − 17.7% | 8.5% | |
6 | 34.0 ± 35.1a | 21.9 | 8.6–83.6 | 4 | 0 | − 17.4% | 0.4% | |
24 | 29.0 ± 43.5a | 5.4 | 2.5–79.2 | 3 | 0 | − 29.5% | − 14.7% | |
48 | 20.2 ± 13.9a | 21.4 | 3.0–35.0 | 4 | 0 | − 51.0% | − 30.4% | |
72 | 14.1 ± 14.1a | 15.5 | 3.6–31.8 | 3 | 0 | − 65.7% | − 30.0% | |
168 | 2.5 ± 2.5a | 6.5 | 2.8–8.9 | 4 | 0 | − 93.8% | − 82.0% | |
336 | 4.1 ± 4.0a | 4.1 | 1.2–6.9 | 2 | 0 | − 90.2% | 59.5% | |
504 | 1.7 ± 1.7a | 1.7 | < 1.0–2.8 | 2 | 1 | − 95.9% | − 58.8% | |
C. mydas | 0 | 10.0 ± 5.0a | 10.0 | 4.9–15.3 | 4 | 0 | – | – |
1 | 3.0 ± 2.8b | 2.4 | < 1.0–6.0 | 3 | 1 | − 70.5% | − 70.5% | |
2 | 3.5 ± 2.4b | 2.9 | 1.3–6.7 | 4 | 0 | − 65.6% | 16.6% | |
6 | 2.2 ± 0.6b | 2.2 | 1.7–2.6 | 2 | 0 | − 78.4% | − 37.4% | |
24 | 2.1 ± 1.7b | 2.1 | < 1.0–3.9 | 3 | 1 | − 78.7% | − 1.4% | |
48 | 2.6 ± 0.3b | 2.6 | 2.2–2.8 | 3 | 0 | − 74.6% | 19.7% | |
72 | 2.1 ± 2.1b | 1.5 | < 1.0–4.8 | 4 | 2 | − 79.2% | − 18.4% | |
168 | 2.0 ± 1.9b | 1.3 | < 1.0–4.8 | 4 | 1 | − 80.4% | − 5.8% | |
336 | – | < 1.0 | – | 3 | 3 | − 95.0% | − 74.5% |
