Figure 1

Location of Cabo Frio Upwelling System (squared inset) and its oceanographic characteristics, including the inshore (dashed line) and offshore (unbroken bold arrow) positions of BC. The following records are shown: (1) marine sediment core CF10-01 (red square) and sediment trap F-150#3 (red circle) (this study); (2) speleothems from Lapa Grande and Diva cave speleothems10,11; (3) marine sediment core GeoB6211-1/28; (4) marine sediment core LO09-145. BC: Brazil Current, NBC: North Brazil Current, SEC: South Equatorial Current. Bathymetric lines corresponding to 50–300 m depth. The map was generated with GMT version 4 (https://www.generic-mapping-tools.org/) and edited in GIMP version 2 (https://www.gimp.org/).