Table 1 Demographics of study participants according to the presence of DPN.

From: Liver fibrosis indices are related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Total (n = 264)

DPN (−) (n = 163)

DPN ( +) (n = 101)

p value

Male, n (%)

159 (60.2)

103 (63.2)

56 (55.4)

0.211

Age (years)

59.4 ± 9.2

58.8 ± 9.0

60.3 ± 9.4

0.212

Height (cm)

163.5 ± 8.9

163.9 ± 8.7

162.8 ± 9.1

0.312

Body weight (kg)

67.9 ± 11.7

67.3 ± 11.0

69.0 ± 12.6

0.243

BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 3.4

24.9 ± 3.2

26.0 ± 3.8

0.016

Waist circumference (cm)

88.5 ± 8.8

87.9 ± 8.6

89.3 ± 9.0

0.208

Systolic BP (mmHg)

130.5 ± 14.0

130.4 ± 14.0

130.5 ± 14.0

0.932

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

74.9 ± 9.8

75.5 ± 10.2

74.0 ± 9.0

0.245

Diabetes duration (years)

11.3 ± 8.4

10.7 ± 8.4

12.2 ± 8.3

0.161

FPG (mmol/l)

7.6 ± 2.1

7.3 ± 1.5

8.0 ± 2.8

0.040

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

55.5 ± 12.6

53.9 ± 11.1

58.0 ± 14.4

0.009

HbA1c (%)

7.2 ± 1.2

7.1 ± 1.0

7.5 ± 1.3

0.009

Cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.0 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 1.0

0.331

Triglyceride (mmol/l)a

1.3 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 0.0

1.4 ± 0.0

0.157

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)a

1.2 ± 0.0

1.2 ± 0.0

1.2 ± 0.0

0.076

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.3 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.7

0.212

Urea nitrogen (mmol/l)

5.9 ± 1.6

5.9 ± 1.5

5.9 ± 1.8

0.916

Creatinine (µmol/l)

70.7 ± 17.7

70.5 ± 17.6

70.7 ± 17.7

0.733

eGFR (mL min−1 [1.73 m]−2)

93.4 ± 21.9

94.8 ± 21.8

91.1 ± 21.9

0.177

AST (U/l)

28.5 ± 12.2

27.2 ± 10.3

30.5 ± 14.6

0.048

ALT (U/l)

29.3 ± 15.6

29.1 ± 15.3

29.6 ± 16.2

0.781

Insulin (pmol/l)

58.1 ± 30.8

56.7 ± 29.4

59.6 ± 33.0

0.456

HOMA-IR

2.8 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 1.5

3.0 ± 2.3

0.097

Abnormal 10-g monofilament testb, n (%)

18 (6.8)

4 (2.5)

14 (13.9)

 < 0.001

MNSI-Q

2.1 ± 2.0

1.7 ± 1.9

2.8 ± 2.1

 < 0.001

MNSI-PE

2.1 ± 1.2

1.3 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.7

 < 0.001

 Abnormal appearance, n (%)

93 (35.2)

10 (6.1)

83 (82.2)

 < 0.001

 Ulceration, n (%)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

0.203

 Absent ankle reflexes, n (%)

18 (6.8)

4 (2.5)

14 (13.9)

 < 0.001

 Absent vibration perception, n (%)

52 (19.7)

19 (11.7)

33 (32.7)

 < 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

   

0.131

 Never smoker

124 (47.0)

69 (42.3)

55 (54.5)

 

 Ex-smoker

86 (32.6)

56 (34.4)

30 (29.7)

 

 Current smoker

54 (20.5)

38 (23.3)

16 (15.8)

 

Alcohol, n (%)

102 (38.6)

62 (38.0)

40 (39.6)

0.799

Exercise, n (%)

180 (68.2)

110 (67.5)

70 (69.3)

0.757

Hypertension, n (%)

145 (54.9)

86 (52.8)

59 (58.4)

0.369

Dyslipidaemia, n (%)

174 (65.9)

104 (63.8)

70 (69.3)

0.359

Insulin therapy, n (%)

50 (18.9)

27 (16.6)

23 (22.8)

0.211

Lipid-lowering agent, n (%)

203 (76.9)

124 (76.1)

79 (78.2)

0.688

NAFLD liver fat score

0.04 ± 1.24

 − 0.04 ± 1.20

0.15 ± 1.29

0.224

NAFLD liver fat score > − 0.640, n (%)

187 (70.8)

113 (69.3)

74 (73.3)

0.493

NAFLD fibrosis score

 − 0.97 ± 1.11

 − 1.11 ± 1.08

 − 0.75 ± 1.14

0.010

NAFLD fibrosis score > 0.676, n (%)

16 (6.1)

5 (3.1)

11 (10.9)

0.010

FIB-4 index

1.43 ± 0.68

1.34 ± 0.59

1.58 ± 0.79

0.009

FIB-4 index ≥ 1.3c, n (%)

106 (40.2)

57 (35.0)

49 (48.5)

0.029

  1. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or geometric mean ± geometric SD or number (%).
  2. DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, MNSI-Q michigan neuropathy screening instrument-questionnaire, MNSI-PE michigan neuropathy screening instrument-physical examination, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, FIB-4 fibrosis-4.
  3. aVariable was natural log-transformed before statistical analysis and expressed as geometric mean ± geometric SD.
  4. bAbnormal 10-g monofilament test was defined as a 10-g monofilament score ˂ 7 on either side.
  5. cFor individuals aged ≥ 65 years, a cut-off of 2.0 was used. p value for χ2 test or t test.
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