Table 3 Mortality hazard ratios from cox regression for middle-aged adults (n = 3128).

From: Mortality associated with nonrestorative short sleep or nonrestorative long time-in-bed in middle-aged and older adults

Predictor

Death rate (%)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Unadjusted

Age/sex-adjusted

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

TST

Q1 (< 331 min)

92/776 (11.9)

1.58 (1.20–2.08)

1.54 (1.17–2.02)

1.35 (1.02–1.79)

1.34 (1.01–1.78)

1.32 (0.95–1.84)

IQR (331 to < 414 min)

115/1566 (7.3)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 414 min)

25/786 (3.2)

0.43 (0.28–0.66)

0.49 (0.32–0.75)

0.50 (0.32–0.77)

0.49 (0.32–0.76)

0.50 (0.31–0.79)

TIB

Q1 (< 400 min)

74/779 (9.5)

1.17 (0.88–1.57)

1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.04 (0.78–1.40)

1.03 (0.77–1.39)

0.79 (0.55–1.12)

IQR (400 to < 477 min)

122/1562 (7.8)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 477 min)

36/787 (4.6)

0.57 (0.39–0.83)

0.59 (0.41–0.86)

0.58 (0.40–0.85)

0.59 (0.40–0.85)

0.71 (0.48–1.04)

TST-restfulnessd

Q1 (< 331 min)

 Unrestful

44/372 (11.8)

1.70 (1.16–2.47)

1.66 (1.14–2.43)

1.54 (1.05–2.27)

1.57 (1.06–2.33)

1.54 (1.01–2.33)

 Restful

48/404 (11.9)

1.64 (1.36–2.38)

1.65 (1.14–2.40)

1.41 (0.96–2.07)

1.37 (0.93–2.02)

1.34 (0.87–2.05)

IQR (331 to < 414 min)

 Unrestful

47/594 (7.9)

1.15 (0.79–1.67)

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

1.27 (0.87–1.86)

1.28 (0.87–1.88)

1.28 (0.87–1.89)

 Restful

68/972 (7.0)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 414 min)

 Unrestful

8/253 (3.2)

0.44(0.20–0.95)

0.51 (0.24–1.11)

0.53 (0.24–1.16)

0.53 (0.24–1.17)

0.55 (0.24–1.21)

 Restful

17/533 (3.2)

0.46 (0.27–0.79)

0.53 (0.31–0.91)

0.56 (0.32–0.95)

0.54 (0.32–0.93)

0.55 (0.32–0.97)

TIB-restfulnesse

Q1 (< 400 min)

 Unrestful

29/297 (9.8)

1.37 (0.88–2.12)

1.43 (0.92–2.22)

1.29 (0.82–2.02)

1.30 (0.83–2.05)

0.96 (0.58–1.59)

 Restful

45/482 (9.3)

1.28 (0.88–1.88)

1.32 (0.90–1.94)

1.15 (0.78–1.70)

1.14 (0.77–1.68)

0.86 (0.56–1.34)

IQR (400 to < 477 min)

 Unrestful

56/631 (8.9)

1.30 (0.90–1.86)

1.34 (0.93–1.93)

1.40 (0.97–2.01)

1.41 (0.97–2.04)

1.33 (0.91–1.93)

 Restful

66/931 (7.1)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 477 min)

 Unrestful

13/291 (4.5)

0.64 (0.36–1.17)

0.68 (0.37–1.22)

0.67 (0.37–1.22)

0.67 (0.37–1.22)

0.74 (0.41–1.36)

 Restful

23/496 (4.6)

0.64 (0.39–1.03)

0.67 (0.41–1.08)

0.67 (0.41–1.08)

0.67 (0.42–1.09)

0.81 (0.49–1.33)

  1. CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, Q1 lowest quartile, Q4 highest quartile, Ref reference, TIB time in bed, TST total sleep time.
  2. aModel 1 included age, sex, race (Caucasian vs. other), body mass index, smoking status, apnea hypopnea index with 4% desaturation, sleep time with saturated oxygen below 80%, stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, and physical functioning standardized score on the Short Form 36 Health Survey.
  3. bModel 2 included Model 1 plus antidepressants, benzodiazepines, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, number of daytime naps per week, weekend-weekday difference in habitual sleep duration, insomnia or poor sleep, and percent time in rapid eye movement sleep.
  4. cModel 3 included Model 2 plus TIB in TST/TST-restfulness models or TST in TIB/TIB-restfulness models.
  5. dP = 0.85 for interaction between categorical TST and sleep restfulness variables.
  6. eP = 0.91 for interaction between categorical TIB and sleep restfulness variables.
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