Table 4 Mortality hazard ratios from cox regression for older adults (n = 2676).

From: Mortality associated with nonrestorative short sleep or nonrestorative long time-in-bed in middle-aged and older adults

Predictor

Death rate (%)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Unadjusted

Age/sex-adjusted

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

TST

Q1 (< 310 min)

299/664 (45.0)

1.17 (1.01–1.34)

1.12 (0.97–1.29)

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

1.08 (0.92–1.27)

IQR (310 to < 396 min)

547/1339 (40.9)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 396 min)

228/673 (33.9)

0.80 (0.68–0.93)

0.90 (0.77–1.05)

0.89 (0.76–1.04)

0.88 (0.75–1.03)

084 (0.72–1.00)

TIB

Q1 (< 404 min)

270/667 (40.5)

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.09 (0.94–1.26)

1.07 (0.92–1.24)

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

0.91 (0.76–1.08)

IQR (404 to < 482 min)

508/1336 (38.0)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 482 min)

296/673 (44.0)

1.25 (1.08–1.44)

1.22 (1.05–1.41)

1.18 (1.02–1.37)

1.18 (1.02–1.36)

1.25 (1.08–1.46)

TST-restfulnessd

Q1 (< 310 min)

 Unrestful

113/268 (42.2)

1.05 (0.85–1.30)

1.10 (0.89–1.36)

1.03 (0.83–1.28)

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

1.09 (0.86–1.36)

 Restful

186/396 (47.0)

1.17 (0.98–1.40)

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

1.08 (0.89–1.32)

IQR (310 to < 396 min)

 Unrestful

145/387 (37.5)

0.87 (0.71–1.05)

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

1.00 (0.82–1.22)

1.01 (0.83–1.23)

1.01 (0.83–1.24)

 Restful

401/952 (42.1)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 396 min)

 Unrestful

52/136 (38.2)

0.89 (0.65–1.20)

1.07 (0.79–1.44)

1.01 (0.74–1.39)

0.99 (0.72–1.36)

0.95 (0.69–1.31)

 Restful

176/537 (32.8)

0.73 (0.61–0.88)

0.85 (0.71–1.01)

0.86 (0.71–1.03)

0.86 (0.71–1.03)

0.82 (0.68–0.99)

TIB-restfulnesse

Q1 (< 404 min)

 Unrestful

87/221 (39.4)

1.00 (0.79–1.27)

1.04 (0.82–1.32)

0.99 (0.78–1.26)

0.99 (0.78–1.27)

0.84 (0.64–1.09)

 Restful

184/446 (41.3)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

1.07 (0.89–1.29)

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

IQR (404 to < 482 min)

 Unrestful

143/397 (36.0)

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

1.00 (0.82–1.23)

0.99 (0.80–1.22)

0.98 (0.80–1.21)

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

 Restful

365/939 (38.9)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Q4 (≥ 482 min)

 Unrestful

81/173 (46.8)

1.37 (1.07–1.75)

1.51 (1.18–1.93)

1.52 (1.18–1.94)

1.51 (1.17–1.93)

1.57 (1.23–2.01)

 Restful

215/500 (43.0)

1.17 (0.99–1.39)

1.13 (0.95–1.34)

1.08 (0.91–1.29)

1.07 (0.90–1.28)

1.14 (0.95–1.36)

  1. CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, Q1 lowest quartile, Q4 highest quartile, Ref reference, TIB time in bed, TST total sleep time.
  2. aModel 1 included age, sex, race (Caucasian vs. other), body mass index, smoking status, apnea hypopnea index with 4% desaturation, sleep time with saturated oxygen below 80%, stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, and physical functioning standardized score on the Short Form 36 Health Survey.
  3. bModel 2 included Model 1 plus antidepressants, benzodiazepines, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, number of daytime naps per week, weekend-weekday difference in habitual sleep duration, insomnia or poor sleep, and percent time in rapid eye movement sleep.
  4. cModel 3 included Model 2 plus TIB in TST/TST-restfulness models or TST in TIB/TIB-restfulness models.
  5. dP = 0.22 for interaction between categorical TST and sleep restfulness variables.
  6. e P = 0.28 for interaction between categorical TIB and sleep restfulness variables.
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