Table 1 Characteristics and symptoms of patients infected with Influenza A (H1N1).

From: Association between plasma glycocalyx component levels and poor prognosis in severe influenza type A (H1N1)

Characteristics

Control subjects (N = 30)

Total Influenza A (H1N1) (N = 53)

Mild Influenza A (H1N1) (N = 15)

Severe Influenza A (H1N1) (N = 38)

P Value

Age, years (Median, P25-P75)

59 (53–63)

57 (47, 69)

56 (47, 76)

59 (44, 69)

0.96

Sex (Male/Female)

15/15

20/33

7/8

13/25

0.393

Smoker (n, %)

8, 26.67%

20, 37.73%

10, 66.67%

10, 26.32%a

0.006

Lactate (mmol/L)

–

1.5 (1.0, 2.7)

1.1 (0.9, 1.5)

2.1 (0.9, 3.1)b

0.012

 ≥ 2 (n, %)

 

21, 39.62%

1, 6.67%

20, 52.63%a

0.002

APACHE II score

–

11 (8, 15)

8 (5, 9)

14 (10,18)b

 < 0.001

SOFA score

–

5 (2, 7)

2 (1, 2)

6 (4, 8)b

 < 0.001

Comorbidity (n, %)

–

    

Hypertension

 

15, 28.30%

2, 13.33%

13, 34.21%

0.129

Cardiovascular disease

 

6, 11.32%

2, 13.33%

4, 10.53%

0.771

Diabetes

 

8, 15.09%

1, 6.67%

7, 18.42%

0.282

Cerebrovascular disease

 

3, 5.66%

1, 6.67%

2, 5.26%

0.842

Chronic obstructive

 

3, 5.66%

1, 6.67%

1, 2.63%

0.487

Asthma

 

2, 3.77%

2, 13.33%

0, 0a

0.022

Chronic hepatitis

 

2, 3.77%

0, 0

2, 5.26%

0.365

Malignancy

 

3, 5.66%

2, 13.33%

1, 2.63%

0.144

Without

 

9, 16.98%

1, 6.67%

8, 21.05%

0.209

Symptoms at onset of illness

–

    

Highest temperature, ℃

 

38.5 (38.0, 39.1)

38.6 (37.9, 39.1)

38.5 (38.0, 39.1)

0.993

 < 37.3 (n, %)

 

5, 9.43%

2, 13.33%

3, 7.89%

0.542

37.3–38 (n, %)

 

13, 24.53%

3, 20.00%

10, 26.31%

0.630

38.1–39 (n, %)

 

19, 35.85%

6, 40.00%

13, 34.21%

0.692

 > 39 (n, %)

 

16, 30.19%

4, 26.67%

12, 31.58%

0.726

Cough (n, %)

 

42, 79.25%

11, 73.33%

31, 81.58%

0.505

Sputum production (n, %)

 

33, 62.26%

9, 60.00%

24, 41.38%

0.831

Oppression (n, %)

 

22, 41.51%

9, 60.00%

13, 34.21%

0.086

Chilly (n, %)

 

14, 26.41%

4, 26.67%

10, 26.32%

0.979

Fatigue (n, %)

 

8, 15.09%

2, 13.33%

6, 11.32%

0.822

Myalgia (n, %)

 

5, 9.43%

2, 13.33%

3, 5.17%

0.542

Headache (n, %)

 

3, 5.66%

2, 13.33%

1, 2.63%

0.129

Chest pain (n, %)

 

4, 7.55%

3, 20.00%

1, 2.63%a

0.031

Pharyngalgia (n, %)

 

3, 6.66%

1, 6.67%

2, 3.45%

0.842

Anorexia (n, %)

 

5, 9.43%

0, 0

5, 8.62%

0.134

Vomiting (n, %)

 

1, 1.88%

0, 0

1, 1.72%

0.526

Dizziness (n, %)

 

3, 5.66%

1, 6.67%

2, 3.45%

0.842

P/F ratio

 

223 (112, 311)

328 (297, 366)

164 (76, 205)b

 < 0.001

During hospitalization stay Ventilatory support (n, %)

     

Nasal catheters for oxygen

  

10, 66.67%

2, 5.26%

 

Non invasive ventilation

  

0, 0

6, 15.79%

 

High flow nasal cannula

  

0, 0

8, 21.05%

 

Invasive mechanical ventilation

  

0, 0

22, 57.89%

 

Steroid treatment

 

20, 37.74%

6, 40.00%

14, 36.84%

0.831

Hospital length of stay, days

 

11 (6, 18)

8 (6, 14)

14 (9, 21)a

0.044

ICU length of stay, days

  

-

9 (4, 13)

 

28-day mortality, (n, %)

 

16, 30.19%

-

16, 42.11%

 
  1. Data are expressed as median (inter-quartile range), mean ± SD, or number (%). Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA, Sequential organ failure assessment; P/F, PaO2/FiO2. a, vs. Mild group, χ2 tests; b, vs. Mild group, Mann–Whitney U test. Kruskal–Wallis test was used between the age of control, mild and severe groups; χ2 test was used between the male to female ratio of control, mild and severe groups. –, This data were not collected initially.
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